[06.02] Introduction to Statistics_ Descriptive Statistics V2.pdf

Discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis interpretation, and presentation of collected data

What is the definition of Statistics?

Collection of data and more than one observation

What two elements are needed in Statistics?

Observations

What can be summarized using statistics?

Quantitative research

What type of research primarily uses statistics?

Thematic analysis

What type of analysis is used instead of statistics for qualitative research?

Application of statistical methods to solve real problems

What is Applied Statistics?

To monitor and measure health indicators to do research for public health improvement

What is one use of Applied Statistics?

A branch of Applied Statistics

What is Biostatistics?

Directed toward applications in the health and life sciences

What are the applications of Biostatistics directed toward?

People and applied to the health and life sciences

What are the statistics used in Biostatistics directed towards?

We observe people, describe or measure their characteristics, and summarize these characteristics among populations

What are the actions taken when using Biostatistics?

Phenomenon of variability

What is the reason statistics is needed?

Characteristics change across persons, places, and time

What does the phenomenon of variability mean?

Summarize and make sense of the variability of the phenomenon that we are observing

What is the objective of observing and collecting information due to variability?

If observations and data are always consistent

In what scenario is there no point in collecting data?

Provides a systematic approach to understanding and summarizing complex information

What systematic approach does statistics provide?

Looks at the magnitude or width of a problem

What aspect of a problem does quantitative research look at?

Looks at the depth of a problem and probes into the reasons behind a phenomenon

What two aspects of a problem does qualitative research look at?

Enables data-driven decision-making and inference

What is the most critical application of statistics?

Policymakers and administrators need evidence for system improvement and public health management

Who needs the information provided by statistics in health systems?

Clinical and Epidemiologic Research, Monitoring and Evaluation of Health Projects/Programs, Quality Management Systems (QMS), Health Policy Research, and Communication for Behavior Impact (COMBI)

What are the five uses of statistics in Public Health and Medicine?

Clinical trials

What does Clinical research involve?

Community studies in the field (usually observational)

What does Epidemiologic research involve?

Determining risk factors of disease, determining vaccine efficacy, determining effectiveness of medicine, and clinical trials that study the best regimen cure patients of a particular disease or how to improve current regimens

What are four examples of Clinical and Epidemiologic research?

Statisticians

Who guides physicians on what information to collect, how to gather the data, and how to analyze these?

Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) of Health Projects/Programs

Which use of statistics may not be academic, rigorous research activity but is important for other applications?

Monitoring, evaluating, and identifying the indicators

What is the M&E system used for in projects funded by The Global Fund?

To ensure that all systems in place are of good quality and that quality services are provided

What is one purpose of Quality Management Systems (QMS) in health facilities?

To ensure that measurements and materials are accurate and to measure deviations from the standards of quality

What are two specific uses of QMS related to accuracy and standards?

Similar to epidemiologic research but has more applications for health policy

How is Health Policy Research characterized?

To know if a policy is able to address the issue or if it should be terminated

What is the goal of statistics in policy formulation?

Qualitative research

What type of Health Policy Research is usually more meaningful?

Communication for Behavior Impact (COMBI)

What is the WHO-originating use of statistics considered new in public health and medicine?

Collecting, organizing, summarizing, and making sense out of the data from a sample

What does Descriptive Statistics involve?

The results are confined either to the sample itself or to the entire population if no sampling is involved

To what are the results of descriptive statistics limited?

Censuses and elections

What are two instances wherein statistics is used but not sampling is involved?

Drawing conclusions about a particular population based on the observations from a sample (inference)

What does Inferential Statistics involve?

When we cannot collect information from the whole population

When is sampling done?

If populations are small

In what case is it advised that sampling is not done?

The target population

Where does the process of statistical inference start and end?

Time and financial constraints

What are the reasons researchers draw a random sample from the target population?

Raw facts or observations

What is data?

Processed data

What is information?

Used to obtain pertinent statistics

What is generated data used for in statistical inference?

Estimate or test hypotheses regarding unknown parameters

What are statistics used for in statistical inference?

To draw conclusions about the target population

What are parameters used for in statistical inference?

Information is gathered from the sample, which is then used to make estimations or perform hypothesis testing about the target population

What is the key process of statistical inference?

Numerical data that can be measured and expressed in numerical terms

What is Quantitative Data?

Height, weight, and income

What are three examples of Quantitative Data?

Takes on distinct, separate values and cannot have values between these distinct points

What is a Discrete Quantitative Variable?

Number of students, number of cars, number of siblings, Philippine population (120 million)

What are four examples of Discrete Quantitative Variables?

Countable and finite or countably infinite

What are the properties of Discrete Quantitative Variables?

Can take on an infinite number of values within a given range, including any fractional or decimal values

What is a Continuous Quantitative Variable?

Height, weight, temperature

What are three examples of Continuous Quantitative Variables?

Non-numerical data that represents categories or labels

What is Qualitative Data?

Gender, color, marital status

What are three examples of Qualitative Data?

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

What are the four Statistical Measurement Scales?

Categories or labels used to classify data with no inherent order or ranking

What defines the Nominal scale of measurement?

Categorization

What is the only action allowed for the Nominal scale?

Gender (male, female), blood type (A, B, AB, O)

What are two examples of the Nominal scale of measurement?

Categories with a meaningful order or ranking, but the intervals between them are not uniform

What defines the Ordinal scale of measurement?

Educational levels (high school, bachelor's, master’s), socioeconomic status (low, medium, high)

What are two examples of the Ordinal scale of measurement?

Ordered categories with uniform intervals between them, but no true zero point

What defines the Interval scale of measurement?

Temperature (in Celsius or Fahrenheit), IQ scores

What are two examples of the Interval scale of measurement?

Ordered categories with uniform intervals between them and a true zero point

What defines the Ratio scale of measurement?

A value of zero indicates the absence of the measured attribute

What does a true zero point indicate in the Ratio scale?

Height, weight, age, income

What are four examples of the Ratio scale of measurement?

Ratio

Which scale of measurement allows for meaningful comparisons, ratios, and arithmetic operations?

Narrative Form, Tabular Form, Graphical Presentation

What are the three Ways to Summarize Data?

Crude prevalence of hypertension in the Asia-Pacific region ranged from Fiji’s less than 10% to Mongolia’s over 40%

What is an example of data presented in Narrative Form?

Only one variable is presented in either row or column

What is a One-way table?

Cross-tabulation of 2 variables

What is a Two-way table (contingency table)?

Determines the association between two variables

What is the purpose of a Two-way table?

For visualization and understanding

What is the benefit of Graphical Presentation?

Bar graph, Pie graph, Component graph

What are three examples of Graphical Presentation mentioned?

Do not compare counts; compare percentages or proportions

What is the rule of thumb when comparing characteristics of two groups (e.g., according to sex)?

Counts (frequency), Ratio, Proportion (percentage), Rate

What are the four ways to summarize Qualitative Data?

Total number of occurrences of a particular event or characteristic

What is Counts (frequency)?

A comparison between two numbers, which may refer to different populations

What is Ratio?

Doctor to population ratio and Male-female ratio

What are two examples of Ratio?

A specific type of ratio wherein the numerator is part of the denominator

What is Proportion (percentage)?

Prevalence

What specific proportion measure indicates the proportion of individuals in a population who have a specific condition at a given time?

A measurement that includes an element of time in its formula

What is Rate?

Incidence rates or mortality rates

What are two examples of Rate used in health indices?

Numerical data used for statistical measures (mean, median, and mode)

What does Summarizing Quantitative Data refer to?

Mean, median, and mode overlap (are equal)

What indicates a Normal Distribution?

Symmetry in the data

What does a Normal Distribution indicate?

Mean, median, and mode do not overlap

What indicates a Non-Normal Distribution?

Outliers or skewness

What causes asymmetry in a Non-Normal Distribution?

Whether certain statistical tests or assumptions can be applied

What does Normality determine?

The average of values

What is the Mean?

Sensitive to outliers

What characteristic of the Mean is important to remember?

The middle value in a sorted array

What is the Median?

Most stable measure, not affected by outliers

What is the key characteristic of the Median?

The value that occurs most frequently

What is the Mode?

The highest peak in the distribution

What does the Mode represent?

Measures of Central Tendency

What category do Mean, Median, and Mode fall under?

Measures of Dispersion

What category do Range, Variance, Standard Deviation, and Coefficient of Variation fall under?

How spread out data is around the central tendency

What do Measures of Dispersion measure?

The difference between the highest and lowest values

What is the Range?