dna, rna + protein synthesis

gene?

section of DNA on a chromosome that codes for the production of a polypeptide/ functional RNA

functional RNA?

RNA other than mRNA

• tRNA

• rRNA

genome?

full set of DNA in an organism

proteome?

full range of proteins a cell is able to produce/DNA is able to code for

genetic code?

rules by which triplets in a DNA base sequence code for the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

features of genetic code?

degenerate

universal

non-overlapping

degenerate?

more than one triplet of bases can code for a particular amino acid

non-overlapping?

each base in a sequence is read once, and only part of one triplet

universal?

the same triplet of bases codes for the same amino acid in all living things

chromosome structure?

• DNA double helix structure

• is wound around histone proteins

• DNA-protein complex coils to form loops

• loops coil and pack together, to form a chromosome

transcription process?

• H bonds between DNA bases break, separating the strands and exposing the bases

• 1 strand acts as a template

• free RNA nucleotides align w/ complimentary bases

• RNA polymerase joins and forms phosphodiester bonds between them

• forming pre-mRNA

what takes place before translation?

pre-mRNA spliced to remove introns, forming mRNA

leaves nucleus via nuclear pores

translation process?

• mRNA attaches to ribosome, ribosome finds stop codon

• tRNA anticodon attaches to complimentary one on mRNA

• brings a specific amino acid

• another tRNA pairs with the next complimentary codon on the mRNA, and brings another amino acid

• ribosome moves along mRNA and brings the 2 acids together

• acids join by peptide bonds (condensation reaction) via ATP (hydrolysed for energy)

• tRNA released + process repeats until stop codon is reached

• polypeptide chain formed