the protestant reformation

what is a reformation

religious reform movement beginning in 16th century

where did the reformation start

wittenberg, germany

what is simony

when someone pays for a higher position in the Church

when did the reformation start

1500s

what were indulgences

when people would pay to have their sins forgiven and for less time in the purgatory; sold by roman catholic church

religious causes of the reformation

- corruption of church leaders

- opposed to the sale of indulgences and superstitions

political causes of the reformation

- monarchs challenged church's claim as supreme power in europe

- monarchs viewed pope as foreign leader and challenged his authority

economic causes of reformation

- monarchs jealous of church's wealth

- monarchs, merchants, and commons resented having to pay church taxes

social causes of reformation

- humanism and secularism led people to question church's intensions

- printing press helped spread ideas

who was martin luther

german monk and professor who criticized the roman catholic church

who's ideas started the protestant reformation?

martin luther's

what were the 95 theses

a document (from 1517) that explained Luther's issue with the roman catholic church

how was the 95 theses spread

posted on castle church door in germany + printing press made thousands of copies

what language were the 95 theses in?

latin but then translated to vernacular (german)

what were martin luther's beliefs?

- RCC could not satisfy people

- justification through faith alone

- opposed sale of indulgences

- church was too involved in worldly affairs

- didn't like the wealth of popes

- clergy could marry

- education was for everyone

what was sola fide?

luther's phrase for justification through faith alone

why did luther not like indulgences

- viewed them as corrupt and manipulative

- believed they broke down moral fabric of christianity

- believed that forgiveness could not be sold

luther believed that salvation can be achieved by...

faith alone

luther believed that the ultimate authority of Christianity should be...

the Bible

luther believed that christians should not preach or practice...

indulging

in what ways do luther's criticism of the church reflect humanism/intellectual movements?

show that religion and money don't align, beliefs don't revolve around religion, wants people to have their own religious interpretation rather than just following what they're told by the church

what was the diet of worms?

a council that convened to decide luther's fate: he was asked to take back his beliefs, he refuses and becomes civil outlaw: works burned and banned

who is luther asked to present his views to at the diet of worms?

holy roman emperor: charles v and the princes

what were martin luther's followers known as?

lutherans

who introduced calvinism?

john calvin

what was calvanism?

second protestant faith

martin luther translated the bible into what language

german (vernacular)

why did peasants begin to revolt?

wanted to overthrow feudalism + reduce power: wanted more freedom

about how many people died as a result of the peasant revolts?

70-100 thousand

did luther support the peasant revolts?

at first, he did, but later on he changed his mind because he didn't like violence

key accomplishment in english reformation

church of england is formed

what was predestination

the belief that God has predetermined who will be saved/people's fate

compare and contrast calvinism and lutheranism

both:

- based on Bible

- believed in one God

- don't have a Pope

- salvation through faith

- individual Bible interpretations

- both led by a council of elders

- 2 sacraments (baptism & communion)

differences:

- calvinism believes in predestination

what were calvinists called and why

"the elect" because they believed they were the chosen people

who were the sinners and the saints

saints were those who believed in calavnism sinners didn't

where did calvinism start?

switzerland

what is a theocracy

when a religions authority controls a given region (in which they practice this religion)

do calvinists practice theocracy?

yes

what did anabaptists believe?

baptism in adults

how did society react to anabaptists?

anabaptists were heavily persecuted and drowned to death

anapatists are modern day...

amish

how did anabaptists live?

moved to smaller communities, reverted and lived the way they thought the original Christians did (modest, produced only what they need to survive)

how many wives did king henry viii have?

6

what did pope leo x call henry viii and why?

"defender of faith" because he wrote a pamphlet against luther's ideas

why did henry viii divorce catherine of aragon?

she couldn't give him a son

what was an annulment

something that states a marriage never happened (either because the other had an affair + also prove they didn't have sex)

did pope accept henry's annulment request?

no

what happened as a result of the english clergy recognizing henry as the head of the church of england?

they placed a cannon law under royal control

what did the act of supremacy do?

implemented royal rather than papal authority (means king or queen had supreme power of the state)

what does henry do after the act of supremacy?

takes the church and all the land for himself

who were king henry viii first three wives?

1) catherine of aragon

2) anne boleyn

3) jane seymour

the Bible was translated into English and now was called

book of common prayer: had 3 sacraments and no iconography

what was mary tudor also known as

bloody mary

what did mary tudor do?

reverts back to catholicism which launches attacks on protestants

who were protestants

people who broke off from the catholic church (Lutherans, calvannists, anglicans)

who was the last tudor monarch?

elizabeth I because she didn't want to marry

what was the elizabethan settlement?

a compromise between catholics and protestants that elizabeth I created

where did lutherism start?

holy roman empire

which lands turned into lutherism?

norway and sweden

where did the diet of worms take place?

worms, germany

what was the peace of augsburg?

treaty that created a compromise in which princes could decide which religion their land would be

when king henry viii died, who got the power?

edward (the son of henry and jane seymour)

when edward dies, who gets the power?

mary

why is mary called "bloody mary"?

because she killed protestants

what was the council of trent?

a meeting in which pope paul III addressed corruption and attempted to restore RCC trust stated:

- bible as one of the sources of truth

- punishments for corruption

- reaffirmed faith + good works = salvation

which country remained catholic?

spain

why did anglicanism take over england?

king henry established the church of england + broke away from the power of the Pope/church

which woman is the only woman to have her name on the reformation wall?

marie dentiere

who was luther's wife?

katharina von bora

who established the protestant sanctuary?

queen marguerite de navarre

what did protestant churches ban?

monasticism

how did literacy rates increase?

women were encouraged to read the Bible

what was the catholic counter reformation?

pope paul III attempted to restore trust in the RCC and bring back protestant converts by emphasizing original morals + addressing corruption

when did the council of trent take place?

1546

what was the effect of the catholic counter reformation

- strengthened inquisition

- clergy reforms

- created index of prohibited books

- revived catholic fervor

- spanish priest ignatius of loyola created jesuits

what did the index of prohibited books do?

banned humanist, protestant, and scientific writers

what was the effect of the peace of augsburg?

decentralized holy roman empire

when was the peace of augsburg?

1555

how was the council of trent's definition of salvation different from martin luther's?

martin luther believed salvation was achieved by faith only while the council of trent decided it was faith and good works combined

why were jews persecuted?

to strengthen the inquisition by showing that the church had ultimate power and to force conversion

what was a celibate and who had to remain celibate during this time?

someone who had to remain unmarried - priests had to follow this

what were the 2 sacraments luther believed in?

baptism & communion

where were jews assigned to live in?

ghettos (isolated communities)

who created the 42 article confession of faith?

edward vi