Superquiz #2

Dutch Rebellion

Dutch Rebellion

Calvinists began to destroy Catholic Churches when Philip II tried to crush Calvinism
Philip II sent the duke of Alva with troops to crush the rebellion
William of Orange tried to unite the provinces which led to Belgium and the Netherlands being created

Book of the Courtier - 1528

written by Castiglione, established the ideal of talent, grace, character, and good birth for nobility

Christian Humanism / Northern Humanism

A branch of humanism associated with northern Europe. Like their Italian counterparts, the Christian humanists closely studied classical texts. However, they also sought to give humanism a specifically Christian content. Christian humanists like Desiderius Erasmus were committed to religious piety and institutional reform.

Desiderius Erasmus - The Praise of Folly

satire of greedy merchants, pompous priests, querrelsome scholas - wished to reform Church from within

Johannes Gutenberg & Printing Press

German inventor of the Printing Press,which changed learning forever because it made books cheaper and more widely available.

Pope Julius II

The "Warrior-Pope"; most involved in war and politics; personally led armies against enemies; instituted reconstruction on St. Peter's Basilica.

Frescoes

Paintings made on wet plaster walls

Council of Trent

Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Palace of Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Joseph II (r. 1780-1790)

Coregent with his mother, Maria Theresa, from 1765 onward and a strong supporter of change, he moved forward rapidly when he came to the throne in 1780. Most notably, he abolished serfdom in 1781, and in 1789 he decreed that peasants could pay landlords in cash rather than through labor on their land. This measure was violently rejected not only by the nobility but also by the peasants it was intended to help, because they lacked the necessary cash. Among his liberal edicts of the 1780s were measures intended to integrate Jews more fully into society, including eligibility for military service, admission to higher education and artisanal trades, and removal of requirements for special clothing or emblems. Welcomed by many Jews, these reforms raised fears among traditionalists of assimilation into the general population. When he died, the entire Habsburg empire was in turmoil.

Carnival

a festival marked by merrymaking and processions

Nobility of the sword/robe

SWORD: the noblemen of the oldest class of nobility in France dating from the Middle Ages and the Early Modern periods but still arguably in existence by descent
ROBE: French aristocrats whose rank came from holding certain judicial or administrative posts

Roman Catholic Church

the Christian church headed by the pope in Rome

Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. It was common practice when the church needed to raise money. The practice led to the Reformation.

Excommunication

Banishment from the church

Black Death

A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351

Renaissance

"rebirth"; following the Middle Ages, a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

Patronage

Granting favors or giving contracts or making appointments to office in return for political support

Medici family

Ruled Florence during the Renaissance, became wealthy from banking, spent a lot of money on art, controlled Florence for about 3 centuries

Italians Wars

Florence & Naples vs Milan; Florence & Naples made agreement to help conquer Milan territories; Milan got France to help their side

Francesco Petrarch

Father of Humanism

Italian Humanism

A philosophical system that focused on humankind/individual as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor. Doesn't have religion as central theme as Scholasticism does.

Virtu

strength; virtue

Renaissance Man

a person with many talents or areas of knowledge.

The Prince - 1513

A book wrote by Niccolo Machiavelli in 1513 about the imperfect conduct of humans and says how a ruler is able to keep power and manage to keep it disregarding enemies; "better to be feared than loved"

Machiavellian

cunning and deceitful

Pieter Brueghel

Painted The Peasant Dance, a painting that relied on detail and realism.

Individualism

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications

Idealism

the practice of forming or pursuing ideals, especially unrealistically.

Realism

A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be

Single Point Perspective and Leading Lines

A technique for achieving a sense of depth by establishing a single vanishing point and painting or building all objects to diminish to it.

Chiaroscuro

the treatment of light and shade in drawing and painting

Leonardo da Vinci

Italian painter and sculptor and engineer and scientist and architect

Michelangelo

(1475-1564) An Italian sculptor, painter, poet, engineer, and architect. Famous works include the mural on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, and the sculpture of the biblical character David.

The Empire / The Holy Roman Empire

also known as "Holy" and the HRE, this was the country for which the rulers were "chosen" (elected) by authority of the Golden Bull

Electors

people elected by the voters in a presedential election as members of the electoral college

Wars of the Roses

(1455-1485) civil war for the English crown between the York (white rose) and Lancaster (red rose) families

Parliament

A body of representatives that makes laws for a nation

Ferdinand and Isabella

During the late 15th century, they became King and Queen of a united Spain after centuries of Islamic domination. Together, they made Spain a strong Christian nation and also provided funding to overseas exploration, notably Christopher Columbus.

Martin Luther

95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Johanne Tetzel

hired by Albrecht to sell indulgences, was selling a pitch "as soon as coin in coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs"

95 Theses on the Power of Indulgences - 1517

Luther's argument that indulgences undermined the seriousness of the sacrament of penance; put them on the church door; statements to reform the church and its practices

Diet of Worms - 1521

Luther's Heresy trial before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment from the H.R.E.

Frederick of Saxony

This was the man who supported and hid Luther after the Diet of Worms

Protestant

a member of a Christian church founded on the principles of the Reformation

Priesthood of all believers

Luther said/realized that everyone should follow their calling and find their own faith through scripture, which meant that no one could achieve a higher level of spirituality because of a church position.

Transubstantiation

Catholic belief that the bread and wine actually become the body and blood of Christ.

English Reformation

result of the disagreement between Henry VIII and the Pope, created the Church of England or Anglican Church which was separate from the Catholic Church, still left little room for religious freedom

Henry VIII

(1491-1547) King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Defense of the Seven Sacraments

A book written by King Henry III of England, criticizing Luther's views on the Catholic Church. This was written in a time of heightened power of the Catholic Church in England; kings had the power to appoint bishops.

Defender of the Faith

Title given by the pope to England's Henry VIII prior to England's break from the Catholic church.

Catherine of Aragon

1st wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's desire for a divorce from her precipitated England's break with Rome.

Arthur Tudor

Older brother of Henry VIII
First heir to throne & husband of Catherine of Aragon

Papal dispensation

Permission required from the Pope in order to be exempted from the laws or observances of the Church

Anne Boleyn

Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Jane Seymour

Third wife of Henry VIII who gave birth to Edward VI and died during childbirth

Edward VI

(1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisors Cromwell and Cranmer.

Book of Common Prayer

the text containing recitations, prayers and prescribed orders of worship in the Episcopal Church

Mary Tudor (Mary I)

Catholic Queen, daughter of Catherine of Aragon, married Philip II of Spain, repealed Protestant statutes of Edward

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

Elizabeth I

(1533-1603) Queen of England and Ireland between 1558 and 1603. She was an absolute monarch and is considered to be one of the most successful rulers of all time.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Anglican Church

church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

1588 - Spanish Armada

a Spanish naval invasion force sent against England by Philip II of Spain in 1588. It was defeated by the English fleet and almost completely destroyed by storms off the Hebrides.

Politiques

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse (prioritized strength of the state)

Charles V

This was the Holy Roman Emperor that called for the Diet of Worms. He was a supporter of Catholicism and tried to crush the Reformation by use of the Counter-Reformation

Peace of Augsburg - 1555

Document in which Charles V recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the Holy Roman Empire. The faith of the prince determined the religion of his subjects.

Calvinism

A body of religious teachings based on the ideas of the reformer John Calvin.

Predestination

Calvin's religious theory that God has already planned out a person's life.

Mary, Queen of Scots

Catholic relative to Protestant Queen Elizabeth I of England. She allegedly plotted with Spain's Philip II to overthrow Elizabeth and reassert Catholicism in England. Elizabeth had her beheaded.

John Knox

This was the man who dominated the reform movement in Scotland. He established the Presbyterian Church of Scotland so that ministers ran the church, not bishops

Peasants' Revolt of 1525

a series of uprisings by German peasants against their landowners. over 130,000 peasants were killed

Society of Jesus

A Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.

Huguenots

French Protestants

Catherine de Medici

wife of Henry II, influenced her sons after the end of there father's rein. She placed an alliance with the ultra-Catholics (the militant Catholics), which was led by the second most powerful family in France, The Guise Family. She permitted the Guise Family their own independent army,which they would use to take out the other religions residing within the French Borders. This led to the civil wars in France and also the St. Bartholome's Day Massacre.

Henry of Navarre (Henry Bourbon / Henry IV)

married Margaret of Valois; Protestant; liked by many people

Henry IV

Holy Roman Emperor, opposed the pope on the issue of lay investiture, he is excommunicated and ends up begging the pope for forgiveness

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572.

Edict of Nantes (1598)

Decree issued by the French crown granting limited toleration to French Protestants. Ended religious wars in France and inaugurated a period of French preeminence in Europe and across the Atlantic. Its repeal in 1685 prompted a fresh migration of Protestant Huguenots to North America.

Great European Witch Hunt (1480s-1700s)

The executions of between 35,000 to 100,000 people who were accused of performing witchcraft or something of that sort

Spanish Netherlands

Seventeen provinces, (Belgium, Modern Netherlands, Luxemborg) which are basically the Low Countries. They are called low be cause they are below sea level, the are surrounded by dikes and wind mills.

Conquistadores

Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.

Prince Henry the Navigator

(1394-1460) Prince of Portugal who established an observatory and school of navigation at Sagres and directed voyages that spurred the growth of Portugal's colonial empire.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.

Hernando Cortez and the Aztecs (Mexica)

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Mexico Empire and defeated the Aztecs

Inca Empire & Francisco Pizarro

Conquered Incan Empire and founded the city of Lima

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Serfs

A person who lived on and farmed a lords land in feudal times

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Protestant Union and Catholic League

Two unions, each of the German princes and Dukes of that religion, formed after the Peace of Augsburg allowed them to choose their religion

Frederick of the Palatinate

Leader of the Protestant princes against Ferdinand during the first phase of the war. Failed.

Maximillian of Bavaria

Ruler who organized a Catholic league against a new Protestant alliance; set the stage for the Thirty Years' War

Ferdinand Hapsburg (King of Bohemia, Emperor)

After the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as King of Bohemia and Hungary . Elected "KIng of the Romans" after Charles V. Participated in the victorious campaign of Charles V against the German Protestants in 1547. Also defeated a Protestant revolt in Bohemia, where the estates and a large part of the nobility had denied him support in the German campaign. This allowed him to increase his power in this realm. He centralized his administration, revoked many urban privileges and confiscated properties. Also sought to strengthen the position of the Catholic church in the Bohemian lands, and favored the installation of the Jesuits there.

Defenestration of Prague

The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War.

Gustavus Adulphus

Swedish general in the Thirty Years War, fought in the Swedish Phase of the War, he is a devout Lutheran and fights because he wants to support Protestants, his army has superior muskets and warm uniforms and are well disciplined. They win battles at Breitenfeld and Lutzen, but he is killed there

Cardinal Richelieu

(1585-1642) Minister to Louis XIII. His three point plan (1. Break the power of the nobility, 2. Humble the House of Austria, 3. Control the Protestants) helped to send France on the road to absolute monarchy.

Peace of Westphalia

the peace treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre (1572)

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Protestants) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day.