APUSH Terms List (DHS BUTLER)

John Winthrop

Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and a Puritan figurehead in the New World. He arrived in Massachusetts in 1630 and was known for his devout Christian beliefs. Held conservative Christian ideas about social hierarchies and wealth but ensured his colony set a religious standard. _____'s significance lies in his leadership in Massachusetts and his significance as a public figure. As a spearhead of Puritan beliefs in the new world, ____ helped create the standard for much of Massachusetts' way of life. He also helped to set up New England's first public education system. City upon a hill speech.

Restoration Colonies

Colonies created as a result from the land grants in North America given by King Charles II of England. Included Pennsylvania and Carolina. Established during the English Restoration period following the English Civil War.

Charles II was committed to expanding England’s overseas possessions. His policies in the 1660s through the 1680s established and supported the _______ including the Carolinas, New Jersey, New York, and Pennsylvania. All started as proprietary colonies, that is, the king gave each colony to a trusted individual, family, or group.

Quaker

A member of the Religious Society of Friends, known for their religious beliefs in pacifism, equality, and simplicity.

A highly persecuted group that believed in the "Inner Light" within a person. Had beliefs such as women's rights as well as the abolition of slavery.

Dominion of New England

Created by King James II in 1686. It consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, and Connecticut into one. New York and New Jersey were also added in 1688. The goal of this consolidation was to give England more control over the colony and limit the amount of people in charge of colonies in America. The significance of the ____ was in its show of England's power. Further, it exacerbated existing tensions between colonists and England.

Bacon's Rebellion

An armed rebellion in 1676 by Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against the rule of Governor William Berkeley. Happened after Berkeley prevented Bacon from slaughtering Indigenous people.

Had dire consequences in terms of race and class. Firstly, it led wealthier Virginians, especially plantation owners to have a distrust of the lower class. This heightened tensions between the groups. Further, it led those who had previously relied on the labor of indentured servants to use slave labor instead as they grew distrustful of indentured servants after the rebellion. This led to an increased number of enslaved people in Virginia leading to heightened racial tensions and the perpetuation of the Trans Atlantic Slave Trade.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement that came about due to scientific advancements. It started in the late 1700s. It involved increasing literacy rates as well as increasing participation in public events by colonists. Discoveries such as gravity (Isaac Newton) and new ideas about philosophy (George Whitefield) changed people's views about civil rights. The significance of these events was how they shaped public participation and created new groups of people willing to be active in public life. Because more people were educated and literate they were more likely to participate in public life, leading to more community-focused colonies.

An intellectual and philosophical movement that emphasized reason, science, and individual rights in the 17th and 18th centuries.

Led Quakers to have less influence.

Great Awakening

A religious revival movement in the American colonies during the 1720s to 1740s that emphasized emotional religious experience.

The ______ caused significant religious divides, especially between Protestant Churches. These religious splits also led to the development of institutions such as Princeton, Brown, and Columbia, which were set out to be institutions of religious learning. The Great Awakening also led to the spread of religion (in some forms) to enslaved people and indigenous people. Changing views on religion also led women to be more prevalent in the church.

The _____, under the leadership of Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and others, served to revitalize religion in the Americas.

French and Indian War

Began in 1754 and ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763. Provided Great Britain enormous territorial gains in North America, but disputes over subsequent frontier policy and paying the war's expenses led to colonial discontent, and ultimately to the American Revolution.

A conflict between Great Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763, known as the Seven Years' War in Europe.

Stamp Act

On March 22, 1765, the British Parliament passed the _____ to help pay for British troops stationed in the colonies during the Seven Years' War. The act required the colonists to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards.

An act passed by the British Parliament in 1765 that imposed a direct tax on the American colonies by requiring stamped paper for legal documents.

The Sons of Liberty was organized in the summer of 1765 as a means to protest the passing of the______.

Townshend Acts

(1767) a series of laws enacted by Parliament, establishing indirect taxes on goods imported from Britain by the British colonies in North America, such as glass, paper, paint, lead, and tea

To help pay the expenses involved in governing the American colonies, Parliament passed the ______, which initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Divided Americans into patriots and loyalists.

"Common Sense"

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that advocated for American independence from British rule. Advocated for colonists to seek independence and fight for it.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Signed September 3, 1783. Ended the American Revolutionary War and recognized American independence from Great Britain. Granted the U.S. significant western territory.

Newburgh Conspiracy

A plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress in 1783, which was defused by George Washington.

A plan by Continental Army officers to challenge the authority of the Confederation Congress. The officers were frustrated with Congress's long-standing inability to meet its financial obligations to the military and pay pensions. By early 1783, widespread unrest had created an atmosphere ripe for mutiny.

An attempt to obtain taxation authority for the Treasury that convinced the army officers stationed in Newburgh to lie and say that they would mutiny unless they got a raise.

The following year a group of nationalists led by the Superintendent of Finance of the United States, Robert Morris, his assistant Gouverneur Morris, and Washington’s former aide-de-camp Alexander Hamilton, supported an amendment to the Articles of Confederation that would allow Congress to raise revenue through taxes to support the army and pay its foreign loans.

Northwest Ordinance

A law passed in 1787 that established a process for admitting new states to the Union from the Northwest Territory.

Chartered a government for the Northwest Territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory

Also known as the Ordinance of 1787, the _____ established a government for the Northwest Territory, outlined the process for admitting a new state to the Union, and guaranteed that newly created states would be equal to the original thirteen states.

Constitutional Convention

Met between May and September of 1787 in Philadelphia to address the problems of the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation.

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 to revise the Articles of Confederation, resulting in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution.

A convention of delegates from all the states except Rhode Island met in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in May of 1787

Federalist Papers

A series of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay in support of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution.

A collection of essays written by John Jay, James Madison, and Alexander Hamilton in 1788. The essays urged the ratification of the United States Constitution, which had been debated and drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787.

Essays were published anonymously, under the pen name "Publius," in various New York state newspapers of the time. The Federalist Papers were written and published to urge New Yorkers to ratify the proposed United States Constitution

Anti-Federalists

Those who opposed the ratification of the Constitution in favor of small localized government

Opponents of the ratification of the U.S. Constitution who argued for stronger state governments and individual rights.

Main: Virginia's George Mason, Patrick Henry, and Richard Henry Lee.

Bill of Rights

First 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans' rights in relation to their government. It guarantees civil rights and liberties to the individual—like freedom of speech, press, and religion.

Federal Naturalization Law of 1790

This 1790 act set the new nation's naturalization procedures. It limited access to U.S. citizenship to white immigrants—in effect, to people from Western Europe—who had resided in the U.S. at least two years and their children under 21 years of age. It also granted citizenship to children born abroad to U.S. citizens.

Congress first defined eligibility for citizenship by naturalization in this law, and limited this important right to “free white persons.” In practice, only white, male property owners could naturalize and acquire the status of citizens, whereas women, nonwhite persons, and indentured servants could not.

difference between and alien

Hamilton's Reports

A series of reports on public credit, manufacturing, and national banking written by Alexander Hamilton.

1. Report on the public credit - January 14, 1790, Report on public finance and debt. Hamilton declared that the debt of the United States was the cost of liberty and that its payment would generate respect among nations, a widely held view.

2. Report on a national bank - December 14, 1790, described a Bank of the United States. It would be capitalized at $10 million and comprised of 25,000 shares. The national government would own one-fourth of the shares, and the public could purchase the rest.

3. The report on manufactures - December 5, 1791, how to encourage manufactures in the United State. Urged tariffs on foreign goods; prohibition of manufacturing imports; bounties for specific American industries; stimulation of inventions; governmental inspection of manufacturing goods; and a transportation system to haul raw materials and finished goods.

Pinckney Treaty

October 27, 1795, Treaty between the US and Spain, defined the border between the US and Spanish Florida. Gave the US navigation rights on the Mississippi. 

_______, also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed on October 27, 1795, by the United States and Spain. It defined the southern border between the United States and Spanish Florida, and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River. Also allowed U.S. duty-free transport through the port of New Orleans, then under Spanish control.

Negotiated by Thomas Pinckney for the United States and Manuel de Godoy for Spain.

Whiskey Rebellion (1794)

An armed uprising in western Pennsylvania in response to a federal excise tax on whiskey, demonstrating the authority of the new federal government.

1794 uprising of farmers and distillers in western Pennsylvania in protest of a whiskey tax enacted by the federal government. Following years of aggression with tax collectors, the region finally exploded in a confrontation that resulted in President Washington sending in troops to quell what some feared could become a full-blown revolution. Opposition to the whiskey tax and the rebellion itself built support for the Republicans, who overtook Washington's Federalist Party for power in 1802.

The _____ is considered one of the first major tests of the authority of the newly formed U.S. government.

Election of 1800

A contentious presidential election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams that was decided by the House of Representatives.

Thomas Jefferson won

Thomas Jefferson (Democratic-Republican) defeated John Adams (Federalist) in the presidential election of 1800 by an electoral vote of seventy-three to sixty-five. However, because electors could not distinguish between president and vice president when voting prior to the Twelfth Amendment (1804), Jefferson and his running mate, Aaron Burr, received the same number of votes in the Electoral College. With the vote tied, the presidential election was then decided by the House of Representatives as stipulated in Article II, Section 1, of the U.S. Constitution. After thirty-six ballots, the Federalist-controlled House finally elected Thomas Jefferson president on February 17, 1801.

Louisiana Purchase

The 1803 acquisition of the Louisiana Territory from France, doubling the size of the United States. Made under president Thomas Jefferson.

Constitutionality of the purchase, land purchase not mentioned specifically in the Constitution

In this transaction with France, signed on April 30, 1803, the United States purchased 828,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. For roughly 4 cents an acre, the United States doubled its size, expanding the nation westward.

Jefferson's men were in Paris because he wanted to buy the port of New Orleans. To him, New Orleans was key: Whoever owned it would be America's natural enemy because that nation would control the channel through which produce from more than a third of the United States had to pass.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

A naval engagement in 1807 between the USS Chesapeake and HMS Leopard that strained relations between the United States and Britain.

A naval engagement off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on June 22, 1807, between the British fourth-rate HMS Leopard and the American frigate USS Chesapeake. The crew of Leopard pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy.

Led to Embargo of 1807.

Embargo of 1807

Declaration by President Thomas Jefferson that closed U.S. ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain (banned all American trade with Europe)

Result of British and French interference with neutral U.S. merchant ships during the Napoleonic Wars. America's sea rights as a neutral power were threatened

Jefferson hoped the embargo would force England and France to respect American neutrality

Tecumseh

A Shawnee leader who attempted to unite Native American tribes against white settlement in the early 19th century.

A Shawnee warrior chief who organized a Native American confederacy in an effort to create an autonomous Indian state and stop white settlement in the Northwest Territory (modern-day Great Lakes region). He firmly believed that all Indian tribes must settle their differences and unite to retain their lands, culture and freedom. ______ led his followers against the United States military in many battles and supported the British during the War of 1812. But his dream of independence ended when he was killed at the Battle of Thames, which led to the collapse of his Indian confederacy.

"American System"

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements.

An economic plan proposed by Henry Clay that included protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote economic growth. It emphasized a strong role of federal government in the conomy.

Rush-Bagot Treaty

A treaty between the United States and Britain in 1817 that limited naval armaments on the Great Lakes.

between US and Great Britain. Signed April 20, 1817, regulated Naval armaments on the Great Lakes after the War of 1812, demilitarized the border between the US and Canada. Largest east-west boundary.

The US and British agreed to set limits on the number of naval vessels each could have on the Great Lakes (1817)

RESULT OF WAR OF 1812

General Court

Founded in 1629 by a group of Puritan shareholders. It served as a form of government for the Massachusetts Bay Colony. It was significant because it was one of the first forms of colonial government since it separated from Britain.

Leisler's Rebellion

Led by ____ as well as shopkeepers and artisans of non-English descent. This group seized New York Harbor's main fort on May 31, 1689. _____ took control of New York and its legislation, but when English troops arrived to control the scene, denied them entrance. This led to a fight, then Leiser’s arrest, and then his eventual treason charge. Some of those who Leisure jailed, because they did not respect his authority, were key contributors in his court case. The significance of this event was its demonstration of the impact of the English Bill of Rights in the colonies. Further, it illustrated the social unrest of colonists nationwide specifically in New York.

Navigation Acts

Legislation (1651, 1660), which detailed how trade should be done and gave guidelines for American merchants. Had rules such as colonial trade had to be done on English or colonial-owned ships, tobacco, and sugar could only be exported to England, colonial goods had to be imported on English ships, and molasses had a tax. The significance was _____ led to the development of the American shipbuilding industry, diversified the goods in the American market, hastened urbanization in the colonies, made shipyards more prominent in the Americas, built Philadelphia, New York, Boston, and Charles Town as major ports, limited enumerated goods, made it easier for rice and tobacco farmers to receive price reductions, and expanded the demand for American materials

Half-Way Covenant

A compromise created in New England to protect Puritan rule from declining numbers of saints. Puritans at the time suffered from declining participation in religious and public affairs and a declining number of saints. _____ stated that the children of baptized adults could also be baptized even if the parents were not saints. Previously, children could only be baptized if their parents were saints within the church. The creation of this thing signified the loosening of religious demands in New England society. It also signified New England's loosening control of its settlers.

Albany Congress

Conference in U.S. colonial history (June 19–July 11, 1754) at Albany, New York, that advocated a union of the British colonies in North America for their security and collective defense against the French, foreshadowing their later unification.

Happened during the French Indian War. Seven colonies—Connecticut, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania, and Rhode Island—sent delegates to ______

Writs of assistance

Broad search warrants that allowed British customs officials to search property without a court order and force law enforcement officials to help them.

Legal documents that allowed British customs officials to inspect a ship's cargo without giving a reason.

Tea Act

An act of the British Parliament in 1773 that granted the British East India Company a monopoly on tea sales in the American colonies.

(1773) Law passed by parliament allowing the British East India Company to sell its low-cost tea directly to the colonies - undermining colonial tea merchants; led to the Boston Tea Party

Second Continental Congress

A convention of delegates from the Thirteen Colonies that met in May 1775 in Philadelphia, eventually leading to the Declaration of Independence.

They established a Continental army and elected George Washington as Commander-in-Chief, but the delegates also drafted the Olive Branch Petition and sent it to King George III in hopes of reaching a peaceful resolution. The king refused to hear the petition and declared the American colonies in revolt.

Started in May 1775, less than a month after the first Revolutionary War battles at Lexington and Concord. ____ became the de facto government of the 13 colonies during their war with the British Empire.

Achievements:

The adoption of the Declaration of Independence, which _______ ratified on July 4, 1776.

“The establishment of the Continental Army, the printing of the continental currency, the recommendation that the colonies draft new constitutions, the pursuance of an alliance with France, the disavowal of parliament—: these were the works by which U.S. independence was achieved,” he says.

_________ also created the first U.S. constitution, known as the Articles of Confederation, which took effect in 1781

Saratoga

______ was a turning point in the Revolutionary War for the Continental Army. It was fought in New York from Sep 19 - Oct 7, 1777.

Articles of Confederation

The _________ served as the written document that established the functions of the national government of the United States after it declared independence from Great Britain.

The first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1781, which established a weak central government.

The ______ were adopted by the Continental Congress on November 15, 1777. This document served as the United States' first constitution. It was in force from March 1, 1781, until 1789.

Shays' Rebellion

An armed uprising in Massachusetts in 1786-1787 led by Daniel Shays, protesting economic injustices and the lack of government response.

A violent insurrection in the Massachusetts countryside during 1786 and 1787, brought about by a monetary debt crisis at the end of the American Revolutionary War.

(August 1786–February 1787), uprising in western Massachusetts in opposition to high taxes and stringent economic conditions

In particular, Continental Army and state militia veterans struggled, as many received little in the way of pay or reimbursement for their military service.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the federal court system separate from individual state courts. It was one of the first acts of the First Congress. President George Washington signed it into law on September 24, 1789

An act that established the federal court system and the Supreme Court of the United States.

Jay's Treaty

Signed November 19, 1794, an agreement between the US and Great Britain settled issues that weren’t dealt with after the revolution. Increased trade between the two nations, surrender of the Northwestern posts

Signed on November 19, 1794 and approved in 1795, ______ was an agreement by the United States and Great Britain that helped avert war between the two nations also sought to resolve issues left over from the Revolutionary War.

______ proved immediately unpopular with the Republicans—so much so that chief negotiator John Jay’s likeness was hanged in effigy by angry mobs all across America.

Accomplished the goal of maintaining peace U.S. and Britain and preserving U.S. neutrality.

XYZ Affair

A diplomatic incident between French and United States diplomats that resulted in a limited, undeclared war known as the Quasi-War (1798–1800). This war was fought at sea. U.S. and French negotiators restored peace with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine.

When President George Washington sent Charles Cotesworth Pinckney as the U.S. minister to France in 1796, the government there refused to receive him. After John Adams became president in March 1797, he dispatched a three-member delegation to Paris later that same year in an effort to restore peace between the two countries. Once the diplomats—Pinckney along with John Marshall and Elbridge Gerry—arrived overseas they tried to meet with France’s foreign minister, Charles de Talleyrand. Instead, he put them off and eventually had three agents inform the U.S. commissioners that in order to see him they first would have to pay him a hefty bribe and provide France with a large loan, among other conditions.

During the _______ Congress authorized various defense measures, including the creation of the Department of the Navy and the construction of warships. Then, in July 1798, it authorized American ships to attack French vessels, launching an undeclared naval war that came to be referred to as the Quasi-War. The hostilities were settled with the Convention of 1800, also known as the Treaty of Mortefontaine, which was ratified in 1801.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Passed in preparation for an anticipated war with France, the _____ tightened restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government.

A series of laws passed in 1798 that restricted the rights of immigrants and limited freedom of speech and the press.

_______ were a series of four laws passed by the U.S. Congress in 1798 during the administration of President John Adams amid widespread fear that a foreign war against France was imminent. The laws—which remain controversial to this day—restricted the activities of foreign residents in the country and limited freedom of speech and of the press, particularly when it was critical of the president or the government. Most, but not all, of the laws have expired or been repealed over the years.

Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

Resolutions passed in 1798 and 1799 that asserted the states' rights to nullify unconstitutional federal laws.

______ Appealed to the First Amendment of the Constitution to argue that the federal government had no right to abridge the freedom of speech or of the press. This went against the Alien and Sedition Acts

It was a secret resolution made by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison. It stated that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the constitution and that the states could nullify any federal laws that were unconstitutional.

(1798), in U.S. history, measures passed by the legislatures of Virginia and Kentucky as a protest against the Federalist Alien and Sedition Acts. The resolutions were written by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson (then vice president in the administration of John Adams), but the role of those statesmen remained unknown to the public for almost 25 years.

Marbury vs. Madison

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review.

Legal case in which, on February 24, 1803, the U.S. Supreme Court first declared an act of Congress unconstitutional, thus establishing the doctrine of judicial review. The court’s opinion, written by Chief Justice John Marshall, is considered one of the foundations of U.S. constitutional law. Helped establish system of checks and balances.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

(1804–06) U.S. military expedition, led by Captain Meriwether Lewis and Lieutenant William Clark, to explore the Louisiana Purchase and the Pacific Northwest. Commissioned by Thomas Jefferson.

Yazoo Claims

Scheme by which Georgia legislators were bribed in 1795 to sell most of the land now making up the state of Mississippi (then a part of Georgia's western claims) to four land companies for the sum of $500,000, far below its potential market value.

Led to much political and social scandal and public outrage. Finally the issue was reviewed by the U.S. Supreme Court, and in 1810 Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in Fletcher v. Peck that the rescinding law was an unconstitutional infringement on a legal contract.

Treaty of Ghent

A meeting in Belgium of American delegates and British commissioners ended with the signing of the _______ on December 24, 1814. Great Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both countries pledged to work toward ending the slave trade.

Treaty ended the War of 1812, signed in December, 1814. Relinquished the Northwest Territory (no US expansion into Canada). 

The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States and Britain, restoring pre-war borders.

Canada?

Hartford Convention

Meeting of Federalists near the end of the War of 1812 in which the party listed it's complaints against the ruling Republican Party.

Meeting of Federalists in Hartford, CT, in 1814, opposing the War of 1812, discussing secession (it was opposed). Mostly to list grievances, and discuss changes. Didn’t have a lot of results, signaled the end of the Federalists. 

Led to declining federalist influence as it was seen as trecharous. A meeting of New England Federalists in 1814-1815 to discuss grievances and seek redress for the War of 1812.

In December 1814, twenty-six New England Federalists from Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Vermont, and New Hampshire assembled in a convention in Hartford, Connecticut, to discuss their opposition to James Madison's administration and, in particular, to the ongoing war with England.

Barbary Wars

Also known as the Tripolitan Wars. Were two wars between the United States of America and Barbary States in North Africa in the early 19th century. At issue was the pirates' demand of tribute from American merchant vessels in the Mediterranean Sea. American naval power attacked the pirate cities and extracted concessions of fair passage from their rulers.

Also fought with Sweden and Sicily

Conflicts between the United States and North African Barbary States in the early 19th century over piracy and tribute payments.

Adams-Onis Treaty

(1819) Spain ceded Florida to the United States and gave up its claims to the Oregon Territory

(Transcontinental Treaty, ratified 1821) February, 1819, Spain ceded East Florida to the US and renounced all claims to West Florida. Defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas.

A treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the western boundary of the Louisiana Purchase.

(Also called the Transcontinental Treaty and ratified in 1821) the United States and Spain defined the western limits of the Louisiana Purchase and Spain surrendered its claims to the Pacific Northwest. In return, the United States recognized Spanish sovereignty over Texas.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

A U.S. policy introduced in 1823 that opposed European intervention in the Americas and asserted American influence in the Western Hemisphere.

States that the United States will not permit any European nation to extend its holdings or use armed force on the two American continents.

(1) the United States would not interfere in European affairs; (2) the United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies in the Americas; (3) the Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization; and (4) if a European power tried to interfere with any nation in the Americas, that would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States.

Panic of 1819

The first major financial crisis in the United States, marked by bank failures, unemployment, and a sharp decline in agriculture prices.

In 1819 a financial panic swept across the country. The growth in trade that followed the War of 1812 came to an abrupt halt. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, mortgages were foreclosed, and agricultural prices fell by half. Investment in western lands collapsed.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward

A Supreme Court case in 1819 that upheld the sanctity of contracts and limited the power of state governments to interfere with private charters.

Considered a landmark ruling in the development of U.S. constitutional and corporate law, Trustees of ________________ (1819) held that the College would remain a private institution and not become a state university.

Prevented states governments from having control over private entities. Hanover, New Hampshire,

In this important case, the court ruled that the charter creating Dartmouth College, which was granted in 1769 by King George III of England, was a contract. As such, the New Hampshire legislature could not impair the charter.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

A Supreme Court case in 1819 that established the principle of federal supremacy and the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States.

The court decided that the Federal Government had the right and power to set up a Federal bank and that states did not have the power to tax the Federal Government. Marshall ruled in favor of the Federal Government and concluded, “the power to tax involves the power to destroy."

The Court addressed two questions: 1) whether Congress had the authority under the Constitution to commission a national bank, and 2) if so, whether the state of Maryland had the authority to tax a branch of the national bank operating within its borders.

Gibbons vs. Ogden

This Supreme Court decision forbade states from enacting any legislation that would interfere with Congress's right to regulate commerce among the separate states.

A Supreme Court case in 1824 that affirmed the federal government's power to regulate interstate commerce.

A Supreme Court case that famously expounded upon the powers of the commerce clause, setting the precedent of Congress's broad ability to regulate interstate and some intrastate commerce. The case originated in a dispute over shipping monopolies in New York.

Missouri Compromise

An 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance between slave and free states. Outlawed slavery above the 36º 30' latitude line in the remainder of the Louisiana Territory.

Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri would become a

slave state and prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern

boundary of Missouri. Henry Clay proposed the second Missouri Compromise in 1821, which forbade discrimination

against citizens from other states in Missouri but did not resolve whether free Black people were citizens. Congress had a right to prohibit slavery in some territories.

The Cotton Culture

The economic and social system based on cotton production that dominated the Southern economy in the 19th century.

The rise of cotton, and the resulting upsurge in the United States' global position, wed the South to slavery. Without slavery there could be no "Cotton Kingdom," no massive production of raw materials stretching across thousands of acres worth millions of dollars. Indeed, cotton grew alongside slavery.

Samuel Slater

An English immigrant known as the 'Father of the American Industrial Revolution' for his role in establishing the first textile mills in the U.S.

The supervisor of machinery in a textile factory in England. He left England illegally in
1790 to come to Rhode Island, where, in 1793, he founded the first permanent mill in America for spinning cotton
into yarn. In doing this, Slater founded the cotton textile industry in America.

Known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution." His first mill, Slater Mill, in Pawtucket remains an important historic site that tells the story of the birth of the American Industrial Revolution. This event changed the United States forever, and still affects us today

Lowell System

A labor and production model used in the United States during the early 19th century in textile mills.

A textile factory system that was used during the 19th century in the New England region. The system used women as a cheap source of labor and used the first women workforce. The system soon declined but helped industrialize america.

Based from: The Lowell factory was a factory established in 1813 by the Boston Manufacturing Company on

the Merrimack River in Massachusetts. It was a cotton textile mill that produced finished clothing, eliminating the

need for cottage industries. Also, the Lowell factory hired mainly young girls, separating these girls from their

families.

Second Great Awakening

A series of religious revivals starting in 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects. The revivals attracted women, Black people, and Native Americans.

a Protestant religious revival during the late 18th to early 19th century in the United States. It spread religion through revivals and emotional preaching and sparked a number of reform movements.

A Protestant religious revival movement in the early 19th century that emphasized individual salvation and social reform.

corrupt bargain

A term used to describe the alleged political deal in the 1824 presidential election between John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay.

After Adams won the presidency, he appointed Clay as secretary of state. Jackson's
supporters called the action a "corrupt bargain" because they thought that Jackson was cheated of the presidency.
Although there is no evidence to link Clay's support to his appointment of the secretary of state, the allegation was
widely believed.

Tariff of Abominations

A protective tariff passed by Congress in 1828 that raised duties on imported goods, particularly affecting Southern states.

It set a 38% tax on some imported goods and a 45% tax on certain imported raw materials. A highly protectionist tax meant to protect industries in the northern United States.

Kitchen Cabinet

A group of informal advisors to President Andrew Jackson who met in the White House kitchen.

To decide policy, Jackson primarily relied on his so-called ____________ __________—an informal group of advisors. Using the spoils system, Jackson created a loyal and disciplined national party and dispensed government jobs to aid his friends and win support for his legislative program

829-1837
A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet.
Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "________________" or "Lower
Cabinet".

Maysville Road

President Jackson vetoed a bill to grant federal aid for a road in Kentucky between Maysville and Lexington in 1830. He believed that internal improvements violated the principle that Congress could appropriate money for objectives only shared by all Americans. Increased Jackson's popularity in the south.

A proposed road project in Kentucky vetoed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, sparking controversy over federal vs. state authority.

Worcester vs. Georgia

A Supreme Court case in 1832 that affirmed the sovereignty of Native American tribes and invalidated Georgia laws interfering with tribal lands.

The court struck down Georgia's extension laws. In the majority opinion Marshall wrote that the Indian nations were “distinct, independent political communities retaining their original natural rights” and that the United States had acknowledged as much in several treaties with the Cherokees.

1832 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government.Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within theirown boundaries.President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling and the Cherokee were removed from their land toOklahoma Indian county

The Webster-Hayne Debate (1830)

It was an unplanned series of speeches in the Senate, during which Robert Hayne of South Carolina interpreted the Constitution as little more than a treaty between sovereign states, and Daniel Webster expressed the concept of the United States as one nation.

Cemented the image of Daniel Webster, as a legendary defender of Constitution and nationalism.

A famous Senate debate over states' rights and federal power between Daniel Webster and Robert Hayne.

Observers then and since have considered Massachusetts senator Daniel Webster's closing oration, beginning on January 26, 1830, as the most famous speech in Senate history.

Force Bill

Legislation passed by Congress in 1833 that authorized President Andrew Jackson to use military force to enforce federal tariff laws. Also allowed the president to relocate customs houses and to require that customs duties be paid in cash.

Law passed in 1833 at the urging of President Andrew Jackson during the Nullification Crisis of 1832.

Nicholas Biddle

President of the Second Bank of the United States and made it the first effective central bank in U.S. history. He was Pres. Andrew Jackson’s chief antagonist in a conflict (1832–36) that resulted in termination of the bank.

President of the Second Bank of the United States; he struggled to keep the bank functioning when President Jackson tried to destroy it.

The president of the Second Bank of the United States who clashed with President Andrew Jackson over the bank's charter.

-Editor of Port Folio, the first U.S. literary journal.

Secretary to Pres. James Monroe (1806–07), minister to England, and (while practicing law) wrote History of the Expedition of Captains Lewis and Clark (1814) from the explorers’ notes

-Drafted and wrote Pennsylvania’s rejection of the Hartford Convention’s proposed constitutional amendments to limit the powers of Congress and of the executive.

-In 1819 President Monroe commissioned him to compile a digest of foreign legislation affecting U.S. trade and appointed him one of the directors of the Second Bank of the United States.

-As president of the bank sponsored policies that restrained the supply of credit to the country’s banks; stabilized the investment, money, and discount markets; regulated the money supply; and safeguarded government deposits.

-Between 1832 and 1836 the bank came under the attack of Jackson’s Democratic Party, which sought to eliminate it, while the Whigs supported it.

After Jackson won termination of the bank’s national charter in 1836, _____ became president of the rechartered Bank of the United States of Pennsylvania.

Specie Circular

An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson on July 11, 1836, that required the purchase of federal lands with gold or silver. (Specie- Money in the form of coins, not notes)

required payment for government land to be in gold and silver // It helped fund the public debt left from the American Revolution, facilitated the issuance of a stable national currency, and provided a convenient means of exchange for all the people of the United States.

an executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson requiring that payment for the purchase of public lands be made exclusively in gold or silver.

An executive order issued by President Andrew Jackson in 1836 that required payment for government land in gold or silver.

Tocqueville's Democracy in America

Examination of Democracy in the United States, why it works in the US, look at the systems (checks and balances, division of powers)

A classic work by Alexis de Tocqueville that analyzed the strengths and weaknesses of American democracy.

A French social scientist's perspective on the United States in the early 1800s // Tocqueville believed that equality was the great political and social idea of his era

“American democracy was successful because the idea of equality was far developed throughout American society.”

The Liberator

William Lloyd Garrison’s document (newspaper) for spreading his opinions on abolition.

An abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831, advocating for the immediate emancipation of the enslaved.

An anti-slavery newspaper written by William Lloyd Garrison // drew attention to abolition, both positive and negative // caused a war of words between supporters of slavery and those opposed

Horace Mann

Considered “The Father of The Common School Movement”.

An educational reformer known as the 'Father of American Public Education' for his advocacy of public schools and teacher training.

Secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education; "Father of the public school system" // a prominent proponent of public school reform, & set the standard for public schools throughout the nation // lengthened academic year //pro training & higher salaries to teachers

McGuffey Readers

Widely-used school textbooks in American schools during the mid-1800s.

A series of textbooks widely used in American schools in the 19th century for teaching reading and moral values.

William Holmes McGuffey, a PA teacher, created a series of elementary textbooks that became widely accepted as the basis of reading and moral instruction in hundreds of schools //promoted hard work, punctuality and sobriety

Manifest Destiny

American’s god given right to expand from East to West (Atlantic to Pacific)

The 19th-century belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent.

the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable

The idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America. The ideology of ______ inspired a variety of measures designed to remove or destroy the native population

Wilmot Proviso

A failed 1846 amendment to a war appropriations bill that would have banned slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico in the Mexican-American War.

1846 proposal that outlawed slavery in any territory gained from the War with Mexico // failed

A proposed amendment to a Mexican-American War appropriations bill that sought to ban slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.

Issued on August 8th, 1846 by Pennsylvania Democratic Congressman David Wilmot. It prohibited the expansion of slavery into any territory acquired by the United States from Mexico as a result of the Mexican-American War settlement.

Compromise of 1850

Created after Mexican American War, CA as a free state, strengthened the Fugitive Slave Law (as a compromise), New Mexico and Utah could use popular sovereignty to choose to be slave or free.

A series of legislative measures that temporarily settled issues related to slavery and new territories, including the admission of California as a free state.

a series of measures proposed by U.S. Senator Henry Clay and passed by the U.S. Congress to settle several issues connected to slavery and avert the threat of dissolution of the Union // California admitted as free state, territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, federal assumption of Texas debt, slave trade abolished in DC, and new fugitive slave law

They included California being admitted as a free state and the borders of Texas being settled, with areas ceded by Texas becoming the recognized territories of New Mexico and Utah.

The acts called for the admission of California as a "free state," provided for a territorial government for Utah and New Mexico, established a boundary between Texas and the United States, called for the abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC, and amended the Fugitive Slave Act.

Free Soil Party

1848-1854 (merged with Republican Party), opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western Territories.

A political party in the mid-19th century that opposed the expansion of slavery into new territories.

Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory.

Commodore Matthew Perry

Commanded ships in the War of 1812 and the Spanish American War, 1853 led an expedition to Japan to open trade and diplomatic relations.

A U.S. naval officer who played a key role in opening Japan to trade with the West in the mid-19th century.

the commodore of the U.S navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the west // Caused the Japanese emperor to sign the Treaty of Kanagawa and open Japanese ports to trade

Commodore of the U.S. Navy and commanded a number of ships. He served in several wars, mostly known in the Mexican-American War and the War of 1812. He played a leading role in the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.

“The American Scholar”

An influential speech by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1837 that called for intellectual independence and self-reliance.

Delivered at the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Harvard University on August 31, 1837

The main idea of _________ is that through connection to nature, understanding of books, and action a man can become more educated. The American scholar must use self-direction to establish confidence and embark on creative endeavors.

Seneca Falls Declaration

A declaration issued in 1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention advocating for women's suffrage and equal rights.

Originally known as the Woman's Rights Convention, the ___________ fought for the social, civil and religious rights of women. The meeting was held from July 19 to 20, 1848 at the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls, New York.

The first women's rights convention and was organized by a group of five women: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Coffin Mott, Martha Coffin Wright, Mary Ann McClintock, and Jane Hunt.

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure these rights governments are instituted, deriving their just powers from the consent”

Hudson River School

A group of American landscape painters in the mid-19th century known for their romantic and realistic portrayals of the American landscape.

America's first true artistic fraternity. Its name was coined to identify a group of New York City-based landscape painters that emerged about 1850 under the influence of the English émigré Thomas Cole (1801–1848) and flourished until about the time of the Centennial.

A mid-19th century American art movement embodied by a group of landscape painters whose aesthetic vision was influenced by romanticism. The paintings for which the movement is named depict the Hudson River Valley and the surrounding area.

 Minstrel Shows

Popular entertainment in the 19th century featuring white performers in blackface, often portraying negative stereotypes of African Americans.

Each show was of comic skits, dancing and music performances that showed people of African descent. The shows were played by mostly white people in makeup or blackface for the purpose of playing black people.

Minstrel shows lampooned Black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious, happy-go-lucky, and musical.

Uncle Tom's Cabin

An anti-slavery novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe published in 1852 that depicted the harsh realities of slavery.

Stowe's portrayal of the South's peculiar institution intensified the sectional divisions between the North and the South during the 1850s, inspiring more northerners than ever before to embrace the antislavery movement while provoking southerners to become more spirited in their defense of slavery.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

A law passed in 1854 that allowed the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide on the issue of slavery through popular sovereignty.

Repealed the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty. It also produced a violent uprising known as “Bleeding Kansas,” as proslavery and antislavery activists flooded into the territories to sway the vote.

Created Kansas and Nebraska as territories. The act allowed the people of each territory to decide whether or not to allow slavery. Nebraska stayed fairly calm, but Kansas did not. People who supported slavery poured into Kansas from Missouri. They voted to allow slavery in 1855.

Bleeding Kansas

A series of violent conflicts in Kansas in the 1850s between pro-slavery and anti-slavery settlers.

(1854–59), small civil war in the United States, fought between proslavery and antislavery advocates for control of the new territory of Kansas under the doctrine of popular sovereignty.

In all, some 55 people were killed between 1855 and 1859. The struggle intensified the ongoing debate over the future of slavery in the United States and served as a key precursor to the Civil War.

The period of repeated outbreaks of violent guerrilla warfare between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces following the creation of the new territory of Kansas in 1854.

Dred-Scott Decision

A Supreme Court decision in 1857 that ruled African Americans, whether free or enslaved, were not U.S. citizens and could not sue in federal court.

In this ruling, the U.S. Supreme Court stated that enslaved people were not citizens of the United States and, therefore, could not expect any protection from the federal government or the courts. The opinion also stated that Congress had no authority to ban slavery from a Federal territory.

Missouri's ________, 1846-1857. In its 1857 decision that stunned the nation, the United States Supreme Court upheld slavery in United States territories, denied the legality of black citizenship in America, and declared the Missouri Compromise to be unconstitutional.

Yeoman farmers

Independent small landowners in the South who cultivated their own land and did not own slaves.

Small farmers, most of whom did not own slaves. Pioneered the southern wilderness, moving into undeveloped regions and building log cabins. After War of 1812, they moved down the southern Appalachians into new Gulf lands, first as herders and then as farmers.

Typically owned between 50 to 200 acres of land and were known for cultivating a variety of crops for both subsistence and local markets. Unlike plantation owners, ______ often worked their land themselves with their families, fostering a strong sense of independence and self-reliance.

They were crucial to the economy in the early Republic, as their farming practices contributed to both local food supply and regional trade.

Strongly supported westward expansion, believing it was their right and duty to cultivate new lands, which aligned with the ideology of Manifest Destiny.

Their social status was often seen as a symbol of American virtue and democracy, representing the ideal of hard work leading to economic success.

Hinton R. Helper

Only prominent American Southern author to attack slavery before the outbreak of the American Civil War (1861–65). His thesis widely influenced Northern opinion and served as an important force in the antislavery movement.

An author known for his book 'The Impending Crisis of the South,' which argued against slavery.

1857 publication of The Impending Crisis of the South: How to Meet It, attacked slavery not because it exploited the black bondsman but because it victimized nonslaveholding whites and inhibited Southern economic progress.

Moved to New York City, and in 1861 he was appointed by President Abraham Lincoln as consul in Buenos Aires, where he served until 1866.

Opposed slavery, but was not pro-black. After the war, he wrote three bitter racist tracts advocating deportation of Black people to Africa or Latin America. He later developed an obsession to build a railroad from Hudson Bay to the Strait of Magellan. Poverty-stricken after many years as a Washington lobbyist and political hanger-on, he committed suicide.

 Know Nothing Party

A political party in the 1850s that was anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic.

The aim of the ________ was to combat foreign influences and to uphold and promote traditional American ways.

It was an outgrowth of the strong anti-immigrant and especially anti-Roman Catholic sentiment that started to manifest itself during the 1840s. A rising tide of immigrants, primarily Germans in the Midwest and Irish in the East, seemed to pose a threat to the economic and political security of native-born Protestant Americans.

 Ostend Manifesto

A document that justified the United States' desire to acquire Cuba from Spain in 1854.

also known as the Ostend Circular, was a document written in 1854 that described the rationale for the United States to purchase Cuba from Spain while implying that the U.S. should declare war if Spain refused. Cuba's annexation had long been a goal of U.S. slaveholding expansionists.

a declaration (1854) issued from Ostend, Belgium, by the U.S. ministers to England, France, and Spain, stating that the U.S. would be justified in seizing Cuba if Spain did not sell it to the U.S.

 Freeport Doctrine

A principle articulated by Stephen Douglas in 1858 stating that territories could exclude slavery by not adopting laws to protect it.

“a territory could determine whether to allow or not allow slavery based on Popular Sovereignty, where the authority of the government is based on the consent of the people.”

The _______ is position expressed by Stephen Douglas, Democratic politician, in debate with Abraham Lincoln before 1858 election for US Senator from Illinois. Douglas affirmed the principle of popular sovereignty, and the right of states to decide on themselves about the issue of slavery.

In the Freeport Debate Lincoln backed Douglas into a corner by asking, in light of the Dred Scott case, how could a territory prevent slavery? If Douglas said they couldn't, he would lose votes in Illinois where most of the people supported a restriction on slavery in the territories. If he said they could, he would lose support in the South and this might hinder his chances of being elected President in 1860. Douglas said a territory could prevent slavery by failing to pass favorable legislation. In other words the territorial legislature could make it difficult for slave owners to re-capture escaped slaves. Because the Lincoln v. Douglas debates received national coverage the South now saw Douglas as an enemy to slavery.

John Brown

An abolitionist who believed in armed insurrection to overthrow the institution of slavery in the United States.

Supported using violence to end slavery in the United States. He first got national attention when he led small groups of people during the Bleeding Kansas crisis of 1856.

On October 16, 1859, he led 21 men on a raid of the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. His plan to arm slaves with the weapons he and his men seized from the arsenal was thwarted, however, by local farmers, militiamen, and Marines led by Robert E. Lee. Within 36 hours of the attack, most of Brown's men had been killed or captured.

First Battle of Bull Run

The first major battle of the American Civil War, fought on July 21, 1861.

On July 21, 1861, Union and Confederate armies clashed near Manassas Junction, Virginia. The engagement began when about 35,000 Union troops marched from the federal capital in Washington, D.C. to strike a Confederate force of 20,000 along a small river known as Bull Run.

Homestead Act

A law passed in 1862 that provided 160 acres of public land to settlers for a small fee after five years of residence.

On January 1, 1863, Daniel Freeman made the first claim under the Act, which gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it, and pay a small registration fee.

enacted during the Civil War in 1862, provided that any adult citizen, or intended citizen, who had never borne arms against the U.S. government could claim 160 acres of surveyed government land. Claimants were required to live on and “improve” their plot by cultivating the land.

Land titles could also be purchased from the government for $1.25 per acre following six months of proven residency. Additional requirements included five years of continuous residence on the land, building a home on it, farming the land and making improvements.

“King Cotton”

A phrase used to describe the economic and political importance of cotton in the antebellum South.

Term used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton.

Cotton and cotton-growing considered, in the pre-Civil War South, as a vital commodity, the major factor not only in the economy but also in politics.

Battle of Antietam

The bloodiest single-day battle in American history, fought on September 17, 1862.

In the South the encounter was referred to as the Battle of Sharpsburg because the main fighting took place near the town of that name.

Union victory at ______ provided President Abraham Lincoln the opportunity he had wanted to announce the Emancipation Proclamation, making the _________ one of the key turning points of the American Civil War.

(September 17, 1862), in the American Civil War, a decisive engagement that halted the Confederate invasion of Maryland, an advance that was regarded as one of the greatest Confederate threats to Washington, D.C. The Union name for the battle is derived from Antietam Creek

Pitted Union General George McClellan's Army of the Potomac against General Robert E. Lee and his Army of Northern Virginia. The Maryland Campaign was Lee's first attempt to take the war North and it was McClellan who was tasked by President Abraham Lincoln with stopping him.

Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

An 1863 declaration by President Lincoln offering a lenient reconstruction plan for the South.

On December 8, 1863, President Lincoln introduced his first plan for Reconstruction; the _____________________ This announcement offered a full pardon to those individuals that took an oath of loyalty and accepted the abolition of slavery.

Insists that persons desiring amnesty take an oath to disclaim slavery and defend the U.S. Constitution. It also exempts certain parties from being eligible for the benefits proffered.

Wade-Davis Bill

A 1864 proposal for Reconstruction that required a majority of white males in a state to take a loyalty oath.

This bill created a framework for Reconstruction and the re-admittance of the Confederate states to the Union.

Bill that would have abolished slavery, but it required that 50 percent of a state's White males take a loyalty oath to the United States (and swear they had never assisted the Confederacy) to be readmitted to the Union.

An 1864 plan for Reconstruction that denied the right to vote or hold office for anyone who had fought for the Confederacy... Lincoln refused to sign this bill thinking it was too harsh.

(1864), unsuccessful attempt by Radical Republicans and others in the U.S. Congress to set Reconstruction policy before the end of the Civil War. The bill, sponsored by senators Benjamin F. Wade and Henry W. Davis, provided for the appointment of provisional military governors in the seceded states. When a majority of a state’s white citizens swore allegiance to the Union, a constitutional convention could be called. Each state’s constitution was to be required to abolish slavery, repudiate secession, and disqualify Confederate officials from voting or holding office. In order to qualify for the franchise, a person would be required to take an oath that he had never voluntarily given aid to the Confederacy.