Sexual Reproduction and Cell Division Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts from the lecture on sexual reproduction, genetic diversity, and cell division processes.

What results from combining genetic material from two gametes in sexual reproduction?

A new generation that is not genetically identical to its parents.

What type of gametes do mammals produce?

Mammals are diploid and produce haploid gametes.

During which phase do homologous chromosomes separate?

Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis I, specifically anaphase I.

What would happen if crossing over occurred during mitosis?

Daughter cells would not be genetically identical.

How must spindle microtubules attach to chromosomes during prometaphase of meiosis I?

Spindle microtubules from one pole must attach to both kinetochores in a pair of sister chromatids.

Would genetic recombination result if crossing over occurred between sister chromatids?

No, because sister chromatids are genetically identical or nearly identical.

What is a zygote?

A diploid cell formed by the fusion of two gametes.

How does sexual reproduction increase genetic diversity?

It involves random fertilization of gametes, leading to a large number of chromosomal combinations.

What is not needed for DNA replication?

Ribosomes.

What is the first enzyme to add a nucleic acid at a replication fork?

RNA primase.

Which enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between DNA nucleotides?

Helicase.

In what order do the enzymes work during DNA replication?

Helicase, primase, DNA polymerase, ligase.

Where are Okazaki fragments found?

On the lagging strand of DNA.

What is the process of cell division in prokaryotic cells called?

Binary fission.

What phase of the cell cycle is a cell in when it is not actively dividing?

G0 phase.

During which stage of the cell cycle does DNA content increase?

S phase.

How much DNA does a skin cell in G2 have compared to G1?

Twice as much DNA as it had in G1.