Set 1: Respiratory Tract or Airborne Pathogens

Bordetella pertussis

(whooping cough) G - rod (bacteria)

*SiSx: runny nose, chronic or severe coughing. Often fatal to young children under the age of one year old.

*Inf. Source: respiratory droplets

*Dx: PCR; diagnosis can be made on symptoms.

Tx: Azithromycin (antibiotics)

Prevention: Acellular vaccine (DTaP)

Mumps Virus

(Paramyxovirus) Virus

*SiSx: muscle pain, malaise will develop, inflammation of salivary glands (esp. the parotids), Invasion of other organs (testes, ovaries, thyroid gland, pancreas, meninges, heart & kidney), vomiting.

*Inf. Source: respiratory secretions

*Dx: clinical appearance, PCR on cheek swab.

*Tx: Management of symptoms.

*Prevention: MMR live attenuated vaccine.

Rubeola Virus

(Measles) true or red. virus

*SiSx: cough, conjunctivitis, lymphadenitis, fever, Koplik's spots, Rash where the body is covered.

*Inf. Source: respiratory droplets

*Dx: clinical presentation alone; Koplik's spots

*Tx: reducing fever, suppressing cough and replacing lost fluid. No specific treatment

*Prevention: live attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV)

Rubella Virus

(German measles) -lasts 3 days (virus)

*SiSx: Postnatal- malaise, mild fever Congenital- miscarriage, cardiac abnormalities, mental/physical retardation and carditis. Rash will occur 15 days into disease.

*Inf. Source: respiratory secretions

*Dx: clinical appearance

*Tx: no specific treatment.

*Prevention: live attenuated vaccine (MMR or MMRV)

Common Cold Virus

-approximately 200 viruses (Rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, and coronaviruses)

*SiSx: sneezing, runny nose, cough, upper respiratory infection, fever (less than 102 degrees)

*Inf. Source: respiratory

*Dx:diagnosis can be determined by symptoms.

*Tx: treat symptoms

*Prevention: no specific prevention.

Haemophilus (Hemophilus) influenza

-(Meningitis) G- rod

*SiSx: sudden onset of fever, headache, convulsions, brain damage.

*Inf. Source: direct contact or respiratory droplets

*Dx: sample of cerebrospinal fluid from lumbar puncture or serological test

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: Hib vaccine

Haemophilus (Hemophilus) aegyptius

-pink eye (Conjunctivitis) G- rod (bacteria)

*SiSx: inflammation of eye tissue, eye discharge, redness and eyelid swelling, photophobia.

*Inf. Source: Spread through contact with infected individual, indirect

*Dx: clinical, usually by symptoms

*Tx: ointment

*Prevention: hygiene skills, dispose of ALL contaminated articles.

Coxiella burnetii

(Q-fever, rickettsia) G- rod (bacteria)

*SiSx: mild cough, headache chills, complicated by endocarditis.

*Inf. Source: direct contact and airborne spread (exposure to cattle)

*Dx: serological tests for antibody IgM

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: vaccine for high-risk population

Streptococcus pyogenes

(pharyngitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, endocarditis, childbirth fever, strep throat) G+ cocci (bacteria)

*SiSx: sore throat, fever, tonsillitis, inflamed lymph nodes, otitis, pink rash, strawberry tongue

*Inf. Source: Respiratory droplets, direct and indirect contact

*Dx: throat swab (PCR), rapid antigen tests

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: no specific

Pneumocystis carinii (jiroveci)

-PCP (fungus) found in alveoli

*SiSx: alveolae thicken and ruptures, pneumonia-like symptoms.

*Inf. Source: respiratory, inhalation of spores, compromised patients (AIDS indicator) children and elderly susceptible.

*Dx: PCR test on sputum, biopsy and microscopy

*Tx: Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX)

*Prevention: no specific

Klebsiella pneumonia

-pneumonia, UTI, G- rod (bacteria)

*SiSx: cough, fever, headache, muscle pain, rapid breathing and lung abscesses. 85% fatality rate

*Inf. Source: respiratory

*Dx: sputum sample

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: no known prevention

Variola Virus

-small pox (virus)

*SiSx: fever, lesions on arms, headaches, severe abdominal and back pain and eventually affects internal organs.

*Inf. Source: droplet contact, indirect contact, respiratory

*Dx: clinical appearance

*Tx: none

*Prevention: vaccine from live virus, vaccinia

Herpes virus varicellae

-chicken pox, shingles (virus) incubation of 2-3 weeks

*SiSx: typically mild, rash (face, throat, and lower back), fever, centripetal rash, encephalitis (shingles) with severe pain, severe nerve inflammation, impaired vision,

*Inf. Source: respiratory droplets

*Dx: based on clinical appearance, serological

*Tx: none, acyclovir for high risk cases, vaultrex for shingles. ointment for chicken pox

*Prevention: Varicella vaccine (chicken pox) and shingles vaccine

Streptococcus or Diplococcus pneumonia

-pneumonia, ear infection, meningitis, septicemia encapsulated, G+ cocci (bacteria)

*SiSx: headache, chest pain, fever, hurts to breathe, ear pain, alveoli

*Inf. Source: respiratory droplets

*Dx: isolation, sputum sample/observation

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: vaccine

Neisseria meningitidis

-meningitis, G- diplococci (bacteria) usually under the age of 2

*SiSx: headache, painful or stiff neck, fever, shaking, rash on body. 5% mortality rate

*Inf. Source: respiratory and contact with a carrier

*Dx: spinal tap, appearance of spinal fluid

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: conjugated vaccine

Corynebacterium diphtheria

G+ rod, club-shaped, picket fence (Bacteria) Corynephage (bacteriophage)

*SiSx: fever, upper respiratory infection, gray membrane in throat, paralysis, affects heart and kidney which can cause death

*Inf. Source: respiratory

*Dx: gram stain or sputum sample

*Tx: Antitoxin, antibiotics

*Prevention: Diphtheria toxoid vaccine (DTaP, DPT)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

-tuberculosis or consumption, G+ acid-fast rod (bacteria)

*SiSx: upper respiratory infection, coughing, bloody sputum, weight loss, chest pain.

*Inf. Source: vehicle (airborne), respiratory

*Dx: skin test and chest x-ray, acid fast stain on sputum sample

*Tx: Isoniazid and rifampin; very difficult to treat, takes 1 to 2 years

*Prevention: BCG vaccine in other countries

Mycobacterium leprae

-Hansen disease, leprosy, G+ acid fast rod (bacteria)

humans and armadillos

*SiSx: skin lesions, numbness in affected areas, muscle weakness, or paralysis, claw like hands, necrotic sores, blindness, and death

*Inf. Source: respiratory and from a carrier

*Dx: skin test, isolation of patient

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: avoid contact with affected people and armadillos

Legionella pneumophila

- legionnaires, G- rod (bacteria)

*SiSx: high fever (105 +), cough, chills, lung and kidney infections, respiratory tract, diarrhea, death

*Inf. Source: respiratory, environmental

*Dx: sputum sample

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: no specific prevention

Mycoplasm pneumoniae

-"walking pneumonia", G+ rod (bacteria) phleomorpmhic

*SiSx: (3+ weeks), cough, fever, headache

*Inf. Source: respiratory

*Dx: serology, sputum sample

*Tx: antibiotics

*Prevention: no vaccine, cooler temps, higher humidity

Toxoplasma gondii

-toxoplasmosis, protozoan

*SiSx: mild, lymph node enlargement, low grade fever and headaches. In pregnancy- brain damage, blindness, death of fetus.

*Inf. Source: meat or fecal-oral (cat feces)

*Dx: blood test

*Tx: Pynmethamine and sulfadiazine

*Prevention: personal hygiene, cook meat well, avoid litter boxes (esp. if pregnant)

Aspergillus sp.

- (fungus) lung infection

*SiSx: blood in sputum, pulmonary infection, cough

*Inf. Source: respiratory, inhalation of fungal spores

*Dx: biopsy from lung tissue (Mycelium)

*Tx: mechanical removal by surgeon, but no specific Tx

*Prevention: no specific, wear a mask

Histoplasmosis capsulatum

-Darling's disease, Ohio Valley fever (fungus)

*SiSx: lesions in lungs, spread to liver and spleen, fever, cough, chest pain.

*Inf. Source: respiratory--inhalation of fungal spores

*Dx: serological test

*Tx: Amphotericin B, antibiotics

*Prevention: avoid bird, bat, and esp. chicken droppings

Cytomegalovirus (CMV)

-herpes viridiae (virus)

*SiSx: abnormal liver function, blindness, lymph node swelling

*Inf. Source: respiratory

*Dx: PCR, isolation from body

*Tx: antiviral drug, Ganciclovir

*Prevention: CMV vaccine

Erythema infectiosum (fifth disease)

-parvovirus, fifth disease (virus)

*SiSx: rash on cheek and trunk, mostly children

*Inf. Source: respiratory droplets

*Dx: clinical appearance

*Tx: none

*Prevention: none

RSV (Respiratory syncytial virus)

-respiratory tract infection in newborns mostly

*SiSx: rhinitis, otitis, pharyngitis, bronchial tree and lung parenchyma. coughing, wheezing, difficulty breathing, abnormal breathing sounds

*Inf. Source: respiratory, direct and indirect contact

*Dx: ELISA test, serology, sputum sample

*Tx: Ribavirin

*Prevention: passive antibody in high-risk children, no vaccine

Coccidiodes immitis

-"Valley fever", coccidomycosis, "San joaquin fever" (fungus)

*SiSx: flu-like symptoms including fever, cough

*Inf. Source: respiratory airborne spores

*Dx: biopsy on lung tissue

*Tx: Amphotericin B

*Prevention: avoiding airborne endospores

SARS (coronavirus)

-Severe acute respiratory syndrome (virus)

*SiSx: rapid onset of flu-like symptoms

*Inf. Source: respiratory (direct or indirect)

*Dx: PCR

*Tx: none, supportive

*Prevention: avoid infected people

Hantavirus

-HPS (virus)

*SiSx: fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cough is common, severe breathing difficulties, and pulmonary distress

*Inf. Source: inhalation of virus from rodent droppings

*Dx: serology (IgM)

*Tx: supportive

*Prevention: avoid mouse habitats and droppings, rodent control

Ebola/Marburg virus

-Marburg disease (virus) mortality rate depends on strains of disease

*SiSx: shock, capillary fragility and disruption of clotting, bleed from orifices and even bleed from mucous membranes. Occasionally a rash will appear.

*Inf. Source: respiratory, direct contact, bodily fluids

*Dx: PCR, viral culture (conducted at CDC)

*Tx: supportive

*Prevention: none, avoid contact with infected people