csds 117 final exam non-contingent to extinction

non-contingent reinforcement

time-based reinforcement unrelated to the occurrence of a target behavior

Various types of punishment

postivie punishment (corrective feedback, overcorrection) negative punishment (response cost; earn and lose, lose only/ time out; isolation, exclusions, non-exclusion)

Punishment definition

the process of providing a consequence for a given behavior that will decrease it's future occurrence

Positive Punishment

the presentation of a stimulus contingent upon a response decreases the response's future frequency/The key is you are adding something as a consequence to decrease a given behavior

Corrective feedback

Used immediately after an incorrect response/ verbal, non-verbal, or mechanical/Main type of positive punishment in SLP, cuz feedback added to decrease undesirable behavior

Overcorrection

To reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making restitution for damage done and repeated performance of appropriate behavior contingent on the target behavior

Restitution

involves rectifying the effects of the problem behavior and improving the environment in some way

Repeated Performance

involves repeatedly practicing the preferred behavior in the antecedent conditions in which the problem behavior occurred/Commonly referred to as positive practice

Problems with overcorrection

Can be time consuming/Not always effective/Not as applicable to problem communicative behaviors

Negative Punishment Definition

the removal of a stimulus contingent upon a response decreases the response's future frequency/removing something as a consequence to decrease a given behavior

Types of negative punishment

Response cost and Time out

Response cost

removal of reinforcers contingent upon a behavior to decrease it's future frequency/each instance of the undesirable behavior "costs" the client a reinforcer

Response cost Types

Earn and lose

Earn and lose

client earns a reinforcer for desirable behaviors and loses a reinforcer for undesirable behaviors

Lose only

client has a "bank" of reinforcers at the beginning of the session/a reinforcer is removed after each instance of the undesirable behavior

Time out

the contingent withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to positive reinforcement for a specified time" (Cooper, Heron, & Heward, 2007, p. 706)

Time out Types

Isolation, Exclusion, Non-Exclusion

Isolation Time Out

the client is physically removed from the reinforcing environment

Exclusion Time Out

the client is excluded from activities going on in the environment

Non-exclusion Time Out

the client is not removed from the normal flow of therapy; however, brief periods of non-reinforcement are imposed upon the problem behavior

Concerns Regarding Time Out

May negatively reinforce behaviors maintained by escape/avoidance/May provide opportunities for positive reinforcement/If used incorrectly, the client may not understand the contingency between their behavior and the time out

Inappropriate use of punishment

not seek retribution or cause harm/Frequently, unnecessarily "strong" forms of punishment/not be provided contingently/may be inadvertently reinforcing the behavior when attempting to use a punishment procedure

Moral obligations

Many individuals, including most behaviorists, find punishment objectionable/Others may object to use of punishment for individuals with intellectual disabilities/Should consider how invasive problem behavior is when determining need for punishment

Extinction

Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior/results in a significant reduction in the problem behavior/It does not mean that the behavior is "extinct"

Extinction Commonly misunderstood

not the same as ignoring/does not describe every decrease in an undesirable behavior/is not the same as non-contingent reinforcement/is not response blocking

Understand the problems associated with extinction

Partial reinforcement/uncontrolled reinforcement/extinction bursts/slowness/resurgence and spontaneous recovery

Partial reinforcement effect and Slowness

behaviors learned with intermittent rewards become much harder to extinguish than behaviors learned with consistent rewards, making them more persistent over time

Uncontrolled reinforcement

giving rewards (reinforcers) on a set schedule (like every 5 minutes) regardless of the person's behavior

Extinction bursts

temporary, often intense, surge in a behavior (like tantrums or demanding calls) when you stop giving the reward that used to reinforce it, as the individual tries harder to get what they want before the behavior finally fades away

Resurgence and spontaneous recovery

a previously stopped behavior suddenly reappears, making treatments seem ineffective