Polymers and Macromolecules

Carbs

CHO

monosaccharide

• glucose, fructose

• fuel

• convert/combine to other molecules/polymers

disaccharides

• lactose, sucrose

• fuel

• convert/combine to other molecules/polymers

polysaccharides

• Cellulose: plants, strengthen cell walls

• starch: plants, stores glucose for energy

• glycogen: animals, stores glucose for energy

• chitin: animals/fungi, strengthen exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

• 

Lipids

CHO sometimes P

-hydrophobic

-triacylglycerol: fats and oils, glycerol + 3 fatty acids, energy, butter, oil

-Phospholipids: head with P + two fatty acids + glycerol,

• bilayers: hydrophilic head towards water, tails on the inside

• 

-Steroids: 4 fused rings + chem groups, cell membrane (cholesterol), signal travel molecules(hormones)

-fatty acid hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group

-saturated more hydrogen, solid, unhealthy because they can stack close together

-unsaturated double bonds fewer hydrogen, kinks(cis), liquid

-trans fat add hydrogen

-fatty acid: long hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group

Proteins

CHONS

-divers structures and functions

-amino acid monomers

-enzymes, structural, storage, transport, hormones, receptor, motor, defensive

-enzyme catalyst

-20 types: nonpolar+hydrophobic, polar+hydrophilic, acidic/- charge, basic/+ charge

-primary linear sequence

-secondary pleated sheets alpha helix (from backbone molecule interactions)

-tertiary shape from side chain interactions

-quaternary multiple polypeptide chains

DNA/RNA

CHONP

-Transmit genetic info and allow protein synthesis (DNA→ Proteins)

-Nuceotide monomers

• nitogenous bases

  • pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil

  • puines: adenine and guanine, double ring

  • 

  • DNA:

    • cytosine pairs iht gunaine

    • adenine pairs with thymine

    • has thymine no uracil

  • RNA:

    • adenine pairs with uracil

    • cytosines pairs with guanine

    • has uracil not thymine

• phosphate group

• sugar

• 

-bonds

• C and G have 3 hydrogen bonds, A and T have 2 (more bonds = stronger hold)

  • 

• weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs of complementary strands

• strong polar covalent bonds on nucleotides of sugar phosphate backbone

-rna

• ribose sugar

  • A ribose sugar has an −OH group linked to the 2′ carbon that a deoxyribose sugar does not

• single stranded

• gene expression

• instructions from DNA to ribosomes

• folds in on self sometimes from bonds between N bases

-dna

• deoyribose sugar

• double sranded

  • antiparallel

  • 

• contains hereditary information

-3’ = OH (hydroxyl) 5’ = Carbon, nucleotides added to 3’

ADP/ATP

-adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 or 2 P groups

-ADP

• diphosphate

• energy from carbs synthesizes ADP back into ATP

-ATP

• triphosphate

• stores energy

  • 2nd and 3rd bonds like a spring, hold potential chemical energy

  • released as bond is broken by hydrolysis

-

-hydrolysis

• a water molecule is added

• breaks bonds

-dehydration

• a water molecule is removed

• monomers are joined

-how would a monosaccharide be added to a polysaccharide?

• A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (HH) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OHOH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2OH2O) molecule

• This is a description of dehydration synthesis, which joins multiple monosaccharides to create a polysaccharide and produces water (H2OH2O) molecules

-

Chemical Groups

-HYDROXYL, -OH, alcohol

-CARBOXYL, -COOH, acid

-AMINO, base, -NH2

-Phosphate, OPO32-, head charged phospholipids

-

Types of Bonds

-covalent bond

• pairs of electrons are shared

• 

-polar covalent bond

• atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond

• 

-chemical bond

• atoms interact and complete their valence shells

• 

-ionic bond

• the attraction between two oppositely charged ions, such as Na+ and Cl−

• 

-van der waals interactions

• adjacent atoms come close enough that their outer electron clouds just barely touch

• 

-hydrogen bond

• forms when the slightly negatively charged oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the slightly positively charged hydrogen of a nearby water molecule. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is the basis for water’s properties

• 

Properties of Water

4 main properties:

• cohesion

  • 

• moderation of temperature

  • high specific heat

  • moderation of coastal climates

  • evaporative cooling (sweat)

  • heat of vaporization

• ice floats on liquid water

  • molecules expand as they get colder

  • solid water floats insulating water below for aquatic organisms

• water as a solvent

  • its polarity helps break bonds

  • 

Vocab:

Cohesion: The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Adhesion: The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, by means of hydrogen bonds

Surface tension: A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Specific heat: The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

Evaporative cooling: The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state

Heat of vaporization: The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Solvent: The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known