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🧬AP BIO Unit 1 Review - Chemistry of Life

Polymers and Macromolecules

Carbs

CHO

monosaccharide

  • glucose, fructose

  • fuel

  • convert/combine to other molecules/polymers

disaccharides

  • lactose, sucrose

  • fuel

  • convert/combine to other molecules/polymers

polysaccharides

  • Cellulose: plants, strengthen cell walls

  • starch: plants, stores glucose for energy

  • glycogen: animals, stores glucose for energy

  • chitin: animals/fungi, strengthen exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Lipids

CHO sometimes P

-hydrophobic

-triacylglycerol: fats and oils, glycerol + 3 fatty acids, energy, butter, oil

-Phospholipids: head with P + two fatty acids + glycerol,

  • bilayers: hydrophilic head towards water, tails on the inside

-Steroids: 4 fused rings + chem groups, cell membrane (cholesterol), signal travel molecules(hormones)

-fatty acid hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group

-saturated more hydrogen, solid, unhealthy because they can stack close together

-unsaturated double bonds fewer hydrogen, kinks(cis), liquid

-trans fat add hydrogen

-fatty acid: long hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group

Proteins

CHONS

-divers structures and functions

-amino acid monomers

-enzymes, structural, storage, transport, hormones, receptor, motor, defensive

-enzyme catalyst

-20 types: nonpolar+hydrophobic, polar+hydrophilic, acidic/- charge, basic/+ charge

-primary linear sequence

-secondary pleated sheets alpha helix (from backbone molecule interactions)

-tertiary shape from side chain interactions

-quaternary multiple polypeptide chains

DNA/RNA

CHONP

-Transmit genetic info and allow protein synthesis (DNA→ Proteins)

-Nuceotide monomers

  • nitogenous bases

    • pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil

    • puines: adenine and guanine, double ring

    • DNA:

      • cytosine pairs iht gunaine

      • adenine pairs with thymine

      • has thymine no uracil

    • RNA:

      • adenine pairs with uracil

      • cytosines pairs with guanine

      • has uracil not thymine

  • phosphate group

  • sugar

-bonds

  • C and G have 3 hydrogen bonds, A and T have 2 (more bonds = stronger hold)

  • weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs of complementary strands

  • strong polar covalent bonds on nucleotides of sugar phosphate backbone

-rna

  • ribose sugar

    • A ribose sugar has an −OH group linked to the 2′ carbon that a deoxyribose sugar does not

  • single stranded

  • gene expression

  • instructions from DNA to ribosomes

  • folds in on self sometimes from bonds between N bases

-dna

  • deoyribose sugar

  • double sranded

    • antiparallel

  • contains hereditary information

-3’ = OH (hydroxyl) 5’ = Carbon, nucleotides added to 3’

ADP/ATP

-adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 or 2 P groups

-ADP

  • diphosphate

  • energy from carbs synthesizes ADP back into ATP

-ATP

  • triphosphate

  • stores energy

    • 2nd and 3rd bonds like a spring, hold potential chemical energy

    • released as bond is broken by hydrolysis

-

-hydrolysis

  • a water molecule is added

  • breaks bonds

-dehydration

  • a water molecule is removed

  • monomers are joined

-how would a monosaccharide be added to a polysaccharide?

  • A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (HH) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OHOH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2OH2O) molecule

  • This is a description of dehydration synthesis, which joins multiple monosaccharides to create a polysaccharide and produces water (H2OH2O) molecules

-

Chemical Groups

-HYDROXYL, -OH, alcohol

-CARBOXYL, -COOH, acid

-AMINO, base, -NH2

-Phosphate, OPO32-, head charged phospholipids

-

Types of Bonds

-covalent bond

  • pairs of electrons are shared

-polar covalent bond

  • atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond

-chemical bond

  • atoms interact and complete their valence shells

-ionic bond

  • the attraction between two oppositely charged ions, such as Na+ and Cl−

-van der waals interactions

  • adjacent atoms come close enough that their outer electron clouds just barely touch

-hydrogen bond

  • forms when the slightly negatively charged oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the slightly positively charged hydrogen of a nearby water molecule. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is the basis for water’s properties

Properties of Water

4 main properties:

  • cohesion

  • moderation of temperature

    • high specific heat

    • moderation of coastal climates

    • evaporative cooling (sweat)

    • heat of vaporization

  • ice floats on liquid water

    • molecules expand as they get colder

    • solid water floats insulating water below for aquatic organisms

  • water as a solvent

    • its polarity helps break bonds

Vocab:

Cohesion: The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Adhesion: The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, by means of hydrogen bonds

Surface tension: A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Specific heat: The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

Evaporative cooling: The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state

Heat of vaporization: The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Solvent: The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known

D

🧬AP BIO Unit 1 Review - Chemistry of Life

Polymers and Macromolecules

Carbs

CHO

monosaccharide

  • glucose, fructose

  • fuel

  • convert/combine to other molecules/polymers

disaccharides

  • lactose, sucrose

  • fuel

  • convert/combine to other molecules/polymers

polysaccharides

  • Cellulose: plants, strengthen cell walls

  • starch: plants, stores glucose for energy

  • glycogen: animals, stores glucose for energy

  • chitin: animals/fungi, strengthen exoskeletons and fungal cell walls

Lipids

CHO sometimes P

-hydrophobic

-triacylglycerol: fats and oils, glycerol + 3 fatty acids, energy, butter, oil

-Phospholipids: head with P + two fatty acids + glycerol,

  • bilayers: hydrophilic head towards water, tails on the inside

-Steroids: 4 fused rings + chem groups, cell membrane (cholesterol), signal travel molecules(hormones)

-fatty acid hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group

-saturated more hydrogen, solid, unhealthy because they can stack close together

-unsaturated double bonds fewer hydrogen, kinks(cis), liquid

-trans fat add hydrogen

-fatty acid: long hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl group

Proteins

CHONS

-divers structures and functions

-amino acid monomers

-enzymes, structural, storage, transport, hormones, receptor, motor, defensive

-enzyme catalyst

-20 types: nonpolar+hydrophobic, polar+hydrophilic, acidic/- charge, basic/+ charge

-primary linear sequence

-secondary pleated sheets alpha helix (from backbone molecule interactions)

-tertiary shape from side chain interactions

-quaternary multiple polypeptide chains

DNA/RNA

CHONP

-Transmit genetic info and allow protein synthesis (DNA→ Proteins)

-Nuceotide monomers

  • nitogenous bases

    • pyrimidines: cytosine, thymine, uracil

    • puines: adenine and guanine, double ring

    • DNA:

      • cytosine pairs iht gunaine

      • adenine pairs with thymine

      • has thymine no uracil

    • RNA:

      • adenine pairs with uracil

      • cytosines pairs with guanine

      • has uracil not thymine

  • phosphate group

  • sugar

-bonds

  • C and G have 3 hydrogen bonds, A and T have 2 (more bonds = stronger hold)

  • weak hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs of complementary strands

  • strong polar covalent bonds on nucleotides of sugar phosphate backbone

-rna

  • ribose sugar

    • A ribose sugar has an −OH group linked to the 2′ carbon that a deoxyribose sugar does not

  • single stranded

  • gene expression

  • instructions from DNA to ribosomes

  • folds in on self sometimes from bonds between N bases

-dna

  • deoyribose sugar

  • double sranded

    • antiparallel

  • contains hereditary information

-3’ = OH (hydroxyl) 5’ = Carbon, nucleotides added to 3’

ADP/ATP

-adenine base, ribose sugar, 3 or 2 P groups

-ADP

  • diphosphate

  • energy from carbs synthesizes ADP back into ATP

-ATP

  • triphosphate

  • stores energy

    • 2nd and 3rd bonds like a spring, hold potential chemical energy

    • released as bond is broken by hydrolysis

-

-hydrolysis

  • a water molecule is added

  • breaks bonds

-dehydration

  • a water molecule is removed

  • monomers are joined

-how would a monosaccharide be added to a polysaccharide?

  • A specific enzyme removes the hydrogen (HH) from the monosaccharide and the hydroxide (OHOH) from the polysaccharide, creating a bond between the two and creating a water (H2OH2O) molecule

  • This is a description of dehydration synthesis, which joins multiple monosaccharides to create a polysaccharide and produces water (H2OH2O) molecules

-

Chemical Groups

-HYDROXYL, -OH, alcohol

-CARBOXYL, -COOH, acid

-AMINO, base, -NH2

-Phosphate, OPO32-, head charged phospholipids

-

Types of Bonds

-covalent bond

  • pairs of electrons are shared

-polar covalent bond

  • atoms with different electronegativities share electrons in a covalent bond

-chemical bond

  • atoms interact and complete their valence shells

-ionic bond

  • the attraction between two oppositely charged ions, such as Na+ and Cl−

-van der waals interactions

  • adjacent atoms come close enough that their outer electron clouds just barely touch

-hydrogen bond

  • forms when the slightly negatively charged oxygen of one water molecule is attracted to the slightly positively charged hydrogen of a nearby water molecule. Hydrogen bonding between water molecules is the basis for water’s properties

Properties of Water

4 main properties:

  • cohesion

  • moderation of temperature

    • high specific heat

    • moderation of coastal climates

    • evaporative cooling (sweat)

    • heat of vaporization

  • ice floats on liquid water

    • molecules expand as they get colder

    • solid water floats insulating water below for aquatic organisms

  • water as a solvent

    • its polarity helps break bonds

Vocab:

Cohesion: The linking together of like molecules, often by hydrogen bonds

Adhesion: The clinging of one substance to another, such as water to plant cell walls, by means of hydrogen bonds

Surface tension: A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

Specific heat: The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1°C

Evaporative cooling: The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, a result of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy changing from the liquid to the gaseous state

Heat of vaporization: The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

Solvent: The dissolving agent of a solution. Water is the most versatile solvent known

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