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The Dreaming
A metatemporal (past, present, future) concept that links Aboriginal people to the land, spirituality and each other, containing all knowledge and identity.
Ancestral Spirits
Inhabit the land, plants and animals through totems, guiding relationships through oral tradition.
Kinship
A system of moiety that dictations relationships, roles and responsibilities. Kinships established the connection of the Aboriginal people to the land of their ancestors.
Totems
Totems are animals that are believed to have a spiritual connection with individuals or clans. They are considered sacred, with a responsibility to protect, and associated with ancestral beings or creation stories. Totems serve as a source of guidance, protection, and identity for individuals and their communities.
Ceremonial Life
Rituals relate Aboriginal people to the dreaming and contain: SSC- Symbols, Songs, Chants
Importance of Ceremonial life
Ceremonial life, including art, stories, ceremonies and dance connect Indigenous people to their ancestor spirits
Initiation
Transition from childhood to adulthood contains sacred knowledge, circumcision, seclusion, physical markings and physical testing and people are given a new name and a symbol.
Rituals + Beliefs about death
A person dies and their spirit returns either to the ancestor spirits or is reincarnated. For this process to happen, ceremony has to take place. At a funeral, Aboriginal people don’t say the person’s name, use smokescreen to stop bad spirits following them and singing and chanting is used to put the person’s spirit to rest.
Obligations to the land and people
Land is the physical link between people and the Dreaming, and is where ancestor spirits dwell. Aboriginal people see themselves as the custodians of the land.
Dispossession
Separation from land, kinship groups, culture and language
Sorry Day
Feb 13 2008 Kevin Rudd gave an apology to Indigenous Australians for the Stolen Generations.
Protectionism- 1830’s-1910 definition
Aboriginals forced to abandon culture and live on reserves, taken from parents and trained as servants, put into missionaries, imposed Christian values and teachings
Assimilation- 1910-1970 definition
Forced integration of Aboriginal people into white society- Stolen Generation a main feature
Stolen Generation
Aboriginal Protection Act of 1907- removals occurred from 1910-1970. Up to 100,000 children taken, most under 5, forced to live in church/state institutions with some adopted. Most grew up in poor living conditions, suffering suexual abuse, lack of education and loss of language.
Stolen Generation impacts as adults
Loss of self, insecurity, depression, drug abuse, trouble raising their children. The “Bringing them Home” Report in 1997 called the Stolen Generation a “genocide”
Effect of separation from land on spirituality
Loss of spiritual identity because the sacred sites and totems are within their land
Loss of purpose because of a loss of greater connection with the land
Effect of separation from kinship on spirituality
Loss of spirituality, language
Loss of identity, and a lack of understanding of belonging.
Land rights definition
A religious and political movement for Aboriginal people to regain ownership of their land to ensure their spiritualities which are inextricably linked to the land.
Mabo- 1992
Mer people wanted private ownership over the Murray Islands.
Mabo was successful, overturning “Terra Nullius.” This became a precedent that helped enact the Land Rights Act
Native Title- 1993
The rights that Indigenous people have to their lands and waters being recognised by Australia.
How to claim Native Title
Language
Social and cultural systems
Identity
Connection and responsibilities to country
Ongoing
connection to the land
Wik- 1996
Wik people in Cape York, Queensland- wanted ownership but pastoral leases.
Wik was successful, saying that pastoral leases and Native Title claims could coexist- however in a dispute the pastoralist wins
Connection of Land Rights to the Dreaming
Land rights are important to Aboriginal people, as it is bound up in their connection to the Dreaming. Land holds relationships, traditions, rituals and culture, and therefore allows people to understand and experience the Dreaming, giving Aboriginal people their identity
Reconciliation definition
A return to harmony after the breakdown caused by White Settlement and dispossession
Christianity and reconciliation
Many Christian Churches have begun to implement Aboriginal practices in their worship, however still need to reconcile their deep involvement with the assimilation and protectionism of Aboriginal people
Anglicans and reconciliation
Anglicare formed Anglican Reconciliation working groups that provides accomodation and family support to Aboriginals
Anglican Archbishop of Bunbury apologised last month for the Anglican involvement in massacres of Aboriginal people and the hurt and suffering the church caused.
Catholics and reconciliation
Celebrate national Reconciliation week at the end of May
Caritas- a Catholic charity- works with Indigenous Australians on continuing trauma
Judaism and reconciliation
Stand Up- a Jewish organisation have a program called Kol Halev that spread “Yes” campaign materials on the Voice
JSA (Jews for Social Action) help Aboriginal people with early literacy, reading programs and after school tutoring.