Human Anatomy Fist Test- Choater 1 and 4

Anatomy

study of external structures, internal structures, the relationship between body parts, and the careful observation of the human body

Physiology

The study of how the body functions and mechanisms in the body

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of structures that cannot be seen without magnification

Cytology

study of cells

Histology

study of tissues

Macroscopic anatomy

The study of structures that can be seen without magnification

Surface anatomy

refers to the superficial anatomical markings

Regional anatomy

refers to all structures in a specific area of the body, whether they are superficial or deep

Systemic anatomy

The study of the organ systems of the body (digestive system, cardiovascular system, etc.)

Developmental anatomy

Examines structural changes over time

Embryology

The study of early developmental stages

Comparative anatomy

Considers different types of animals

Clinical anatomy

Focuses on pathological changes during illness

Surgical anatomy

Studies anatomical landmarks important for surgical procedures

Radiographic anatomy

The study of anatomical structures with the use of x-rays or ultrasound scans on an intact body

Cross-sectional anatomy

the use of radiographic techniques (CT and MRI scans) to look at cross sections of the body

What is the level of organization from simple to complex?

Chemical/Molecular, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ system, Organism

What is chemical and molecular organization?

The body is made up of the element hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen. Also major classes of compounds of Water, Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic acids

What elements cause life?

Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphor, sulfur

Cell

The smallest living unit in the body

Tissue

Many cells and some surrounding material

Organ

Combination of tissues

Organ System

Combination of various organs make up a specific system

Integumentary system function

Protection from environmental hazards; temperature control

Skeletal system function

Support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation

Muscular system

Locomotion, support, heat production

Nervous system function

Directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

Endocrine system

Directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

Cardiovascular system function

Internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

Lymphoid system function

Defense against infection and disease

Respiratory system function

Delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

Digestive system function

Processing of food and absorption of organic nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

Urinary system function

Elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

Reproductive system function

Production of sex cells and hormones

Responsiveness

A change in activity based on a stimulus

Adaptability

Long-term responsiveness

Growth

The increase in size of an organism

Differentiation

Becoming specialized to perform particular functions

Reproduction

The production of new generations of the same organism

Movement

The ability to change the position of something

Metabolism

All the chemical reactions in the body

Anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules

Catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules

Absorption

The process of bringing chemicals into the body

Respiration

The absorption, transport, and use of oxygen by cells

Digestion

The processes of catabolism that make nutrients small enough to be absorbed

Excretion

The removal of wastes

Supine

lying down (face up) in the anatomical position

Prone

lying down (face down) in the anatomical position

Anterior

The front; before

Ventral

The belly side (equivalent to to anterior when referring to human bossy)

Posterior

The back; behind

Dorsal

The back (equivalent to posterior when referring to human body)

Cranial

Toward the head

Cephalic

Toward the head (same as cranial)

Superior

Above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)

Caudal

Toward the tail (coccyx in humans)

Inferior

Below; at a lower level; toward the feet

Medial

Toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)

Lateral

Away from the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)

Proximal

Toward an attached base

Distal

Away from an attached base

Superficial

At, near, or relatively close to the body surface

Deep

Toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface

Frontal

Front or forehead

Nasal

Nose or nasus

Oculus or eye

orbital or ocular

Auris or ear

otic

Buccaneers

Bucca or cheek

Cervical

Cervicis or neck

Thoracic

Thoracic or thorax, chest

Mammary

Mamma or breast

Abdominal

Abdomen

Umbilical

Umbilicus or naval

Cranial

Cranium or skull

Cephalic

Cephalon or head

Oral Mentis or Chin Mental

Oris or mouth

Axillary

Axilla or armpit

Brachial

Brachium or arm

Antecubital

Antecubitis or front of the elbow

Antebrachial

Antebrachium or forearm

What is part of the trunk

Thoracic, mammary, abdominal and umbilical

Acromial

Shoulder

Dorsal or Back

Dorsum

Olecranon or Back of the Elbow

Olecranal

Lumbus or loin

Lumbar

Antebrachium or forearm

Antebrachial

Carpus or wrist

Carpal

Palma or palm

Palmar

thumb

Pollex

Phalanges

Digits

Patella or kneecap

Patellar

Crus or legs

Crural

Tarsus or ankle

Tarsal

Great toe

Hallux

Pes or foot

Pedal

Pelvis

Pelvic

Manus or hand

Manual

Inguen or groin

Inguinal

Pubic

Pubis