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Cold War
Conflict between US and USSR from 1945 to 1991.
Yalta Conference
1945 meeting to discuss postwar Europe division.
Big Three
US, UK, USSR leaders during WWII negotiations.
Containment Strategy
US policy to limit Soviet influence globally.
Iron Curtain
Metaphor for division between Eastern and Western Europe.
Potsdam Conference
1945 meeting to finalize postwar arrangements.
Self-determination
Right of nations to govern themselves independently.
General Assembly
UN body where all member nations are represented.
Security Council
UN body with power to veto decisions.
Permanent Members
Five nations with veto power in UN: US, UK, France, China, USSR.
Eastern Europe
Region under Soviet influence post-WWII.
USSR's Goals
Establish Communist governments and expand territory.
Truman Doctrine
US policy to support nations resisting communism.
Marshall Plan
US initiative to aid European economic recovery.
Stalin's Influence
Soviet leader's control over Eastern European governments.
Nazi Reparations
USSR demanded industrial goods from Germany post-war.
Civil War in Greece
Conflict between communist and monarchist factions.
USSR's Expansion
Soviet attempts to gain influence in Iran and Turkey.
FDR's Focus
Promoted unity among Allies and self-determination.
Harry Truman
US President who succeeded FDR during Cold War.
USSR's Blame
Stalin attributed future wars to capitalist nations.
Churchill's Speech
Highlighted division in Europe as 'iron curtain'.
Kennan's View
USSR used communism to justify actions.
Truman Doctrine
US responsibility to aid free peoples against oppression.
Marshall Plan
US economic aid to rebuild Europe post-WWII.
Stalin's Perception
Saw US as imperialist rival to communism.
Berlin Airlift
Supplies flown into West Berlin during blockade.
NATO Formation
Peacetime military alliance established in April 1949.
Marshall Plan Opposition
Initial resistance until Stalin's actions in Czechoslovakia.
West Berlin Symbolism
Represented resistance to communism during Cold War.
COMECON
Economic organization for Eastern Bloc countries.
Warsaw Pact
Military alliance of Eastern Bloc nations formed in 1955.
USSR's Blockade
Stalin blocked access to West Berlin in June 1948.
Federal Republic of Germany
Established in May 1949 as West Germany.
East Germany
Formed as a response to West Germany's establishment.
Nuclear Developments
Key focus for US during early Cold War.
European Economic Chaos
Post-WWII conditions prompting Marshall Plan.
Truman's Concerns
Feared European depression could spread communism.
Berlin Blockade Duration
Lasted from June 1948 to May 1949.
NATO's Collective Defense
An attack on one is an attack on all.
Crisis in Berlin
Encouraged formation of Western security alliances.
Stalin's Expectations
Thought US would abandon West Berlin or democracy.
USSR's Weaknesses
Stalin believed US had vulnerabilities to exploit.
Economic Assistance Goals
Aim to reduce appeal of communism in Europe.
NSC-68
Report outlining US strategy against USSR.
Containment
US policy to prevent the spread of communism.
Mao Zedong
Leader of Chinese Communists during civil war.
Jiang Jieshi
Leader of Nationalists in Chinese civil war.
People's Republic of China
Established by Mao on October 1, 1949.
Taiwan
Refuge for Jiang's Nationalist forces post-civil war.
Korean War
Conflict between North and South Korea, 1950-1953.
38th parallel
Division line between North and South Korea.
Kim Il Sung
Communist leader of North Korea.
Syngman Rhee
Leader of South Korea backed by the US.
Inchon
Location of US surprise attack in Korean War.
General Douglas MacArthur
US commander during the Korean War.
Ceasefire
Agreement to stop fighting, established in Korea.
UN Security Council
International body that authorized US troops in Korea.
Containment in Asia
US strategy to restore Japan and counter communism.
USSR nuclear test
First detonation in September 1949, escalating tensions.
Civil War in China
Conflict between Communists and Nationalists from 1930s.
US military aid
$2 billion spent to support Jiang's forces.
Eisenhower's presidency
Pushed for ceasefire in Korean War.
Truman's unpopular decision
Fired MacArthur to avoid prolonged conflict.
Mutual defense treaty
Agreement between US and South Korea post-war.
Approval
Increased likelihood of future undeclared wars.
Atomic Bomb Ground Rules
Guidelines preventing atomic bomb use in Cold War.
Military Budget Increase
Truman raised budget from $13B (1950) to $50B (1953).
Global Militarization
American foreign policy became more militarized globally.
Munich Analogy
Fear of appeasement influenced Cold War policies.
Appeasement Memory
Historical fear of appeasement after Munich Conference.
Support for Right-Wing Regimes
US supported regimes to counter Stalin's influence.
Cold War Liberalism
Combination of New Deal preservation and anti-Communism.
Truman as Cold Warrior
Truman positioned himself as FDR's ideological successor.
Union Strength Post-WWII
14 million Americans were union members in 1945.
Taft-Hartley Act
1947 law that weakened workers' rights.
Democratic Party Split (1948)
Divided between Progressives and Southern Democrats.
Progressive Party
Left-wing faction formed by discontented Democrats.
Dixiecrats
Southern Democrats supporting segregation and states' rights.
1948 Election Results
Truman: 49.6%, Dewey: 45.1%, Thurmond: 2.5%.
The Fair Deal
Truman's proposal to expand New Deal programs.
Fair Deal Achievements
Improved Social Security and minimum wage.
Postwar Red Scare
Fear of Communism led to civil liberties erosion.
Loyalty-Security Program
Truman's program to investigate federal employees.
Executive Order 9835
Issued March 21, 1947, for loyalty investigations.
Civil Rights Platform
Northern Democrats pushed for civil rights in 1948.
Truman's Cross-Country Tour
Campaign against Republicans and Soviet opposition.
Red Scare
Period of intense anti-communist sentiment in America.
HUAC
House Un-American Activities Committee investigating alleged communists.
Alger Hiss
Accused of communism, convicted of lying to Congress.
McCarthyism
Campaign against alleged communists led by Joseph McCarthy.
Joseph McCarthy
Senator known for anti-communist accusations and hysteria.
Rosenbergs
Executed for passing atomic secrets to the USSR.
Smith Act
1940 law prohibiting advocacy of government overthrow.
Censure
Formal reprimand, as done to McCarthy in 1954.
McCarthy's List
Claimed to have 205 communists in the State Department.
Political Repression
Suppression of dissenting political views during McCarthyism.
Cold War Liberalism
Political ideology combining liberalism with anti-communism.
Eisenhower's Presidency
Moderated New Deal policies, embraced Cold War liberalism.
Fulton Lewis Jr.
Critic of Graham, involved in HUAC investigations.
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