Ultimate WH Study Guide

to conquer the Aztec empire, Hernan Cortes

formed alliances with conquered peoples who hated the Aztecs

The conquistador who added the lands of the present-day countries of Peru, Ecuador, and Chile to the Spanish empire was

Francisco Pizarro

At the top of Spanish colonial society were the

peninsulares

through the treaty of tordesillas in 1419

Portugall claimed its empire of Brazil

The population of new France grew slowly because

the harsh winters kept many French from settling there

The English colonies of Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Maryland were mainly set up as

havens for persecuted religious groups

The first leg of triangular trade route

brought European goods to Africa

what is an estimate of the number of Africans that probably died in passage to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade

2 million

widespread inflations struck Europe in the mid-1500s due to the increasing amounts of

silver and gold from the Americas

what mercantilist policy was designed to protect local industries from foreign competition

tariffs increased the price of imported goods

what rules discoverable by reason did Enlightenment thinkers try to apply to the study of human behavior and society?

Natural laws

In A Vindication of Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft argued that women and men should have equal

education

physiocrats supported a government policy of

laissez faire

enlightenment writers often faced censorship because they

challenged the old order

An enlighted depot was a ruler who

influenced political and social change

which enlgithened despot traveled among the peasants in disguise to learn about their problems?

Joseph II

In france’s old order the clergy belonged to the

First estate

Louis XVI was forced to dismiss his financial advisor, Jacques Necker, when Necker proposed

taxing the First and second estates

one important result of the estates general was

the national assembly

the declaration of the rights of man and the citizen modeled on the

american declaration of independence

the national assembly voted to pay off the huge government debt by

selling church lands

when the new national convention met in 1782 what form of government did the radicals create?

a republic

the reign of terror gave way to the directory phase of the revolution in which dominant political force was the

bourgeoisie

which country was able to remain outside napoleon’s European empire?

Britain

what was tactic helped the Russians defeat Napoleon?

scorched-earth policy

the Congress of Vienna promoted the principal of legitimacy by

restoring hereditary monarchies

which of the following was an effect of nationalism in Europe in the early 1900s

Austria feared increasing rebellion among its subjects

which of the following events caused Britain to fight in word war 1

germany invaded belgium

for which of the following reasons did the Schlieffen plan fail?

russia mobilized its army quickly

a stalemate developed a long the western front early in the war because

trench warfare made it difficult for either side to win an advantage

why was the ottoman empire considered such a valuable ally?

it controlled Russian supply routes

some colonial subjects were eager to participate in the war because

because they believed they would gain greater civil rights

the Zimmermann note, Germany offered which of the following to mexico if it joined the central powers?

the return of mexican lands held by the United states

which of the following contributed to the United States’ decision to enter the war?

cultural ties to Britain

In general, the provisions of the treaty of Versailles focused mainly on

punishing germany

which of the following groups sized complete control of Russia in 1917?

the Bolsheviks

what was a result of prohibitioin which was made law in the United States in 1919?

an increase in organized crime

In 1928, Scottish scientist Alexander flemming discovered

penicillin

how did the league of nations respond when Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931

it condemned japan’s action but did nothing to stop it

U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a massive package of Depression relief called the

New Deal

What was a key characteristic of fascism in the 1920s and the 1930s?

supremacy of the state

On stalin’s collectives

the government

stalin attempted to make the cultural life of the Soviet union more Russian by promoting the policy of

russification

France occupied Germany’s coal-rich Ruhr Valley in 1923

because Germany had fallen behind in reparations

what 1924 agreement reduced Germnay reparations and provided U.S loans to Germany?

Dawes plan

In 1935, the nazis passed the Nuremberg law, which

depreived Jews of German citizenship

what did the nazi-svoiet pact accomplish for Germany?

free hand in Poland

what was one reason why the Spanish civil war was called a “dress rehearsal” for world war II

the nazi’s used the war to test their new weapons

hitler decided to invade the Soviet union because

he wanted the Soviet union’s vast natural resources

In which French city did German forces set up a puppet state capitol after conquering France?

Vichy

how did Churchill and Roosevelt give in to Stalin at the conference in Tehran in 1943

They let the borders of the Nazi-Soviet Pact stand

what was important about the battle of the bulge

it delayed allied advance from the west

the german air force was almost grounded by the time of the d-day invasion because

the Germans had little fuel due to allied bombing

The U.S. strategy of “island hopping” in the Pacific

allowed the U.S. to gradually move north toward Japan

What was one of Stalin’s major goals in Eastern Europe after World War II

to create a protective buffer zone of friendly governments

The truman doctrine was rooted in the idea of

containment

Which of the following social Darwinist argued in favor of the new imperialism?

Westerners thought they had a duty to bring civilization to inferior races.

What colony did the British help create for freed slaves in West Afric in 1787?

Sierra Leone

David Livingstone believed that opening the interior of Africa to Christianity and trade would..

end slave trade

The Boer war was sparked by..

the discovery of gold and diamonds in Boer held lands

Ethiopia was able to remain independent because

they modernized and imported European weapons

The desire to return to the purity and simplicity of Muhammad’s teachings was the goal of what Islamic reform movement?

Wahhabi

As the Ottoman empire crumbled, Russia plotted to seize the Bosporus and Dardanelles in order to..

gain access to the Mediterranean Sea

The interest of Europeans in Iran intensified with what discovery in the region?

Oil

Rifle cartridges greased with animal fat were a key cause of the

Sepoy Rebellion

The purpose of the Open Door policy was to

protect US trading rights in China

In the 1830s, Prussia created a union called the Zollverin, which promoted German unity by

removing tariff barriers between German states

In Bismarck’s practice on Realpolitik, his political actions were guided by..

the needs of the state

William II asked Bismark to resign because

William II wanted no rivals

Bismarck introduced many social reforms in Germany because he wanted to

avoid a socialist revolution

Synthetic dyes were among the new products that resulted from cooperation between German industrialists and

scientists

When Italy unified, what form of government did it take?

A constitutional monarchy

Which of the following was an obstacle to Italian unity?

Identification with local regions

The Dual Monarchy was a combination of

Austria and Hungary

Which of the following was an obstacle to progress in Russia in the 1800s?

A rigid social structure

Tsar Alexander III launched a program of Russification in which he..

suppressed non Russian cultures within the empire

In 1832, large towns and cities in Britain received greater representation in Parliament as a result of

the Great Reform Act

Through reforms that took place during the late 1800s, Britain transformed itself into

a parliamentary democracy

The British Corn Laws were supported by

farmers and wealthy landowners because they kept grain prices high

What did Catholic Emancipation Acts accomplish in Ireland

Irish Catholics were allowed to vote and hold office

One result of the social welfare reforms passed in Great Britain in the early 1900s was that

Marxism gained only limited support among British working class

What war brought an end to France’s second empire?

Franco Prussian War

What was a result of widespread anti semitism in Europe in the late 1800s?

Theodore Herzl helped to launch modern Zionism

In order to repress the involvement of the Catholic Church in French government, reformers did what

Created a system of free public elementary schools

In 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized what

The first women’s rights convention

US farmers joined city workers to support the..

Populist Party

What was a major threat to the empire of Charles V?

Ottomans advancing across Europe

An important goal of Philip II of Spain was to

Defend the Catholic reformation

The Edict of Nantes helped to ensure that

French protestants would not be persecuted

When the Huguenots left France their departure

seriously hurt the French economy

The Long Parliament met when Charles I requested funds to

Suppress the Scottish rebellion

What type of government was created in England by the Glorious Revolution?

Limited Monarchy

What was a result of the treaty known as the Peace of Westphalia in 1648?

France gained territory on its Spanish and German frontiers

What did Maria Theresa do to strengthen the Hapsburg empire?

She reorganized the Hapsburg Bureaucracy

Peter the Great waged war against the Ottoman empire to

gain a warm water port on the Black Sea

Under the rule of Catherine the Great..

Russia seized lands in eastern Poland

During the Industrial Revolution, life changed in what basic way

People migrated from rural areas to cities

The cotton gin was a machine that could

separate seeds from raw cotton

The first factories developed in what industry

textile

The Luddites were a

labor organization