Chapter 15 - Age Of Imperialism

Imperialism

domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Annexation

addding a territory to an existing state or country

“Jewel of the Crown”

* In 1858, India formally became a direct possession of the British Crown
* played a key role (economic, strategic, military) in the expansion and consolidation of the British Empire.

Boer

Dutch farmers who settled in Cape Town, Africa, and eventually migrated inland

Boer War

* 1899–1902
* a war in which Great Britain defeated the Boers of South Africa

Shaka

was a Zulu chief and founder of southern Africa’s Zulu empire.

Social Darwinism

* natural selection applied to human society
* survival of the fittest

Sepoy

Indian soldier who served in an army set up by the French or English trading companies

Raj

A system of British colonial rule in India

Berlin Conference

was a meeting between European powers to colonize Africa

Paternalism

the system of governing a country as a father would a child

Assimilation

absorb or adopt another culture

Geopolitics

the struggle over the control of geographical entities with an international and global dimension, and the use of such geographical entities for political advantage.

Quinine

A medicine that helped Europeans survive deadly tropical diseases such as malaria.

Great Game

* was a competition between Russia and Britain for influence in Persia
* Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into central asia
* Britain wanted to protects its interests in India
* both powers sought to increase their influence in the Ottoman empire, Persia, Afghanistan, and Tibet.

Suez Canal

a canal in Egypt linking the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea, which also links Europe to ports in Asia and East Africa

King Mongkut & Siam

* was king of Siam (modern-day Thailand) from 1851–1868.
* Mongkut lived as a Buddhist monk before becoming king.
* he was fond of Western philosophies and worked to modernize his kingdom.
* His educated children were able to further his progress after his death.

Sepoys

Indian soldiers

Sepoy Uprising

* Also called the uprising of 1857 or Sepoy rebellion
* several sepoy regiments and Indian rulers marched to Delhi to hail the last Mughal ruler as their leader
* in some places, British men, women and children were brutally massacred by the sepoys
* The British soon crushed the revolt and took revenge by slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians

Menelik II & Ethiopia

* modernized Ethiopia
* hired European experts to plan modern roads and bridges
* set up a western school system
* imported the latest weapons and European officers to help train his army
* all of this helped Ethiopia keep its independence when the Italians tried to invade in 1896

Maji Maji War

* the germans triumphed only after burning acres and acres of farmland
* left thousands of local people to die of starvation

Crimean War

war fought mainly on the Crimean Peninsula between the Russians and the British, French, and Turks from 1853–1856

Sati

It called for a widow to join her husband in death by throwing herself on his funeral prye

Muhammad Ali

* 1769–1849
* was often called the “founder of modern Egypt”
* was the son of a military commander who died when he was a young boy
* He was appointed governor of Egypt by the Ottomans and seized power during the chaos of the civil war following Napoleon’s invasion
* set in motion a number of economic, political, administrative, and military reforms
* His reforms were intended to secure Egyptian independence and place Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power

Ram Mohun Roy

* 1772–1833
* was a founder of Hindu College in Calcutta
* it provided an English-style education to Indians
* wanted to reform some parts of traditional Indian and Hindu culture but he also revived India’s pride in its culture
* He is considered the founder of Indian nationalism.

Direct Control

Reflected the European belief that colonial people were incapable of ruling themselves

Indirect Control

* did not replace traditional rulers with European officials
* local rulers had limited power and did not influence government decisions

Forms of imperialism

* Protectorate
* Sphere of influence
* Colony
* Economic imperialism

Protectorate

A country or territory with its own internal government but under the control of an outside power

* ex: Britain established a protectorate over the Niger River Delta

Sphere of Influence

An area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges

* ex: Liberia was under the sphere of influence of the U.S.

Colony

A country or territory governed internally by a foreign power

* ex: Somaliland in East Africa was a french colony

Economic Imperialism

An independent but less developed country controlled by private business interests rather than other governments

* ex: the dole fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii

What caused imperialism?

* Nationalism
* to gain power and display national pride
* Europeans competed for colonies and trade
* Economic Competition
* Demand for raw materials and new markets
* Missionary Spirit
* Spread Christianity teaching to the world

How is social darwinism connected to imperialism?

Europeans argued they were superior to all others and imperial conquest of weaker races was simply nature’s way of improving human species.

What is the relationship between the industrial revolution and imperialism?

During the Industrial Revolution, the western world advanced in sciences, technology, transportation, industry, and communication. These advances gave the western world the tools they needed to expand their overseas empires.

How were the Europeans able to infiltrate and control the interior of Africa?

* they explored the rivers of Africa
* adventurers mapped out the course and sources of the great African rivers such as the Niger, the Nile, and the Congo
* Missionaries sought to spread Christianity
* took a paternalistic view of Africans
* David Livingstone
* was a British doctor and missionary and explorer who influenced Western attitudes toward Africa.
* The Berlin Conference