Studied by 1 personwhat was the family a unit of before the 19th century
production
how did industrialisation affect the family as a unit of production
industrialisation led to the separation of paid work from the home, and thus the division of labour became less equal
what was equality like within the family prior to the 19th century
there was greater equality between the genders because the family was a unit of production
women were initially part of the labour force during industrialisation, but what changed this
they were gradually excluded from the workplace because of the Factory Acts, and were eventually confined to the home
what else did the Factory Acts achieve
removed children from the workforce, leading to emergence of childhood
what did men become as women became excluded from the workforce
breadwinners
what functionalist roles became established for the genders during industrialisation
the expressive and the instrumental roles
what did the confinement of women to the home ensure
female subordination and economic dependence on men
Parsons on womenâs role being inside the home
womenâs expressive role is their natural/ biological role based on physical traits and abilities
how do sociologists counter Parsonâs idea of the housewife role
by arguing that it is socially constructed
what has the 20th century seen in terms of women working
it has seen an increase, however, the housewife role is still seen as womenâs primary role - she must fulfil it alongside paid work
gender roles
patterns of behaviour that are expected of individuals of either sex
domestic labour
unpaid housework, including cooking, cleaning, and childcare
domestic division of labour
the way roles, responsibilities, and tasks within the home are divided up
which sociologist is associated with conjugal roles
Elizabeth Bott
what are segregated conjugal roles
when men and women have clearly differentiated roles in the family and lead separate social lives
what are joint conjugal roles
when roles are less clearly differentiated and responsibilities, decision making, and leisure activities are shared more
according to UCL how much more housework do women do than men
60% more housework - women do around 16 hours a week, while men do closer to 6
according to UCL in how many families studied did women do the bulk of the housework
93%
how can UCLâs study on housework be criticised
they only looked at heterosexual couples, and ignored the domestic division of labour in lgbtq+ couples, where this is more negotiated (Dunne)
what did UCLâs study on housework find about families were both partners are in full-time employment
women are 5x more likely to spend at least 20 hours a week doing household chores
what theory does UCLâs study validate
Oakleyâs idea of dual burden, and Duncombe and Marsdenâs idea of the triple shift because women in couples where both partners work still do more housework
according to UCL, what percentage of families studied had men doing longer hours of housework than their female partners
1%
what research method was used by the Household Panel Survey
longitudinal research (research that is completed over a long period of time)
according to Netmums, how many women believe domestic labour is divided equally
20%
according to Netmums, how many men believe domestic labour is divided equally
40%
why might research that asks men how much housework they do lack validity
because of social desirability, they may not answer honestly
why may the sample collected by Netmums not be representative
it is relatively small (2000)
predominantly women use the site
Parsons on gender roles within the family
domestic division of labour is organised in such a way as to best suit the needs of society
within this men take on the instrumental role and women the expressive role
Parsons uses biology to justify this
what theory would agree with Parsonâs functionalist view that female biology suits them to the expressive role
the new right
how would a feminist counter the idea that the womenâs housewife role is socially constructed
the housewife role is socially constructed
Wilmott and Young on gender roles in the family
joint conjugal roles have replaced segregated conjugal roles
the family has become more symmetrical
men are doing more housework
how did Wilmott and Young carry out their research on gender roles in the family
by carrying out structured, telephone interviews with working class, nulcear families living in Bethnal Green
how could Wilmott and Youngâs sample be described
unrepresentative
what part of functionalist ideology does Wilmott and Youngâs argument support
the idea of functional fit
according to Wilmott and Young, what were gender roles within the family like during the 1950s
most families had traditional segregated conjugal roles, with men as the breadwinners and women as housewives
according to Wilmott and Young, what were gender roles within the family like in the 1970s
there was a march of progress, and family life became much more egalitarian; the roles of men and women were not identical but were much more equal
according to Wilmott and Young, what are the three main characteristics of the symmetrical family
nuclear instead of classically extended
home-centred or privatised; leisure time is spent within the family and less time is spent socialising with people outside of the immediate nuclear family
it is based on joint conjugal roles
what is the emergence of the âNew Manâ (Wilmott and Young)
greater equality within the family has led to changes for men too, with men taking on more traditionally female roles, and helping with domestic labour; the new man is also in touch with his own emotional needs
what are criticisms of the idea of the new man
men doing housework and showing emotion has still not been normalised; even if they do do it, it is still considered âfeminineâ
this study does not account for how much housework men are doing - they may still do considerably less than women
what is Wilmott and Youngâs idea of the symmetrical family as privatised similar to
the new right idea of the self-sufficient, privatised family
a study by which sociologist directly criticises Wilmott and Youngâs idea of the âNew Manâ
Oakley
how does Oakley criticise Wilmott and Young
72% of men claiming to participate in domestic labour is not evidence of equality or symmetry in marriage, because it does not quantify how much housework they are doing; women still do most of the work, and have in fact acquired a dual burden
what is the dual burden
where women are burdened by both paid work and unpaid domestic labour
what was Oakleyâs sample in studying housework
40 women
all between the ages of 20-30
half were working class and half were middle class
all lived in London
all had one child or more under the age of 5
how could Oakleyâs survey be seen as unrepresentative
she only used women (however, using men too may decrease validity as they are more likely to fall under social desirability as they may feel like the survey is somewhat criticising masculinity
do Dunscombe and Marsden see conjugal roles as joint or segregated
segregated
why do Dunscombe and Marsden see conjugal roles as segregated
women are exploited by the triple shift - paid labour, housework, and emotion work
what did Dunscombe and Marsden argue women that they interviewed felt
emotionally deserted by their husbands
why might functionalists criticise Dunscombe and Marsden
they would see emotion work as a biologically inevitable part of the womanâs role (Parsons)
Gershuny on conjugal roles
conjugal roles are not yet joint but will become so in the future
why did Gershuny argue that conjugal roles are becoming joint
wives who moved from part-time work into full-time work did less domestic work and their partners began to do a bit more
what sociologists would likely agree with Gershuny
Wilmott and Young
why did Gershuny argue that conjugal roles are not yet joint
men will adapt to changes more slowly than women
what is lagged adaptation (Gershuny)
the time delay between women beginning to work full time and men contributing more to housework
how might radical feminists see lagged adaptation
it may be seen simply as patriarchal unwillingness to change
Silver and Schor on conjugal roles
conjugal roles are becoming joint/ men are doing more because of the commercialisation of the housewife role
what is the commercialisation of the housework role
the increase in domestic appliances takes away the drudgery and time-consuming parts of housework and may make it more appealing for men
what did the Future Foundations Study find about housework
60% of men claimed to do more housework than their father and 75% of women claimed to do less housework than their mother
Dunne on conjugal roles in 1997
lesbian families have joint conjugal roles unlike heterosexual families
why did Dunne find that lesbian families have joint conjugal roles
there is symmetry because household tasks are not linked to particular gender scripts
what was Dunneâs sample in studying lesbian couples
37 cohabiting lesbian couples with dependent children
what is the average split in the division of domestic labour for lesbian couples
40:60
what radical feminist âsolutionâ can Dunneâs research justify
political lesbianism
Dunne on conjugal roles in 2000
because of a lack of gender scripts, lesbian couples are able to create new ways of parenting that are linked to being economically independentw
what was Dunneâs sample in 2000
97 mothers and 23 fathers (via unstructured interviews)
Smart and Neale on marriage
marriage has become more focussed on being in a relationship in which parenting is shared
postmodernist view on conjugal roles
couples can now negotiate and âpick and mixâ roles
what percentage of men today claim to do at least 7 and 12 hours of housework a week
30%
what policy was introduced in 2015 that may have sought to improve conjugal roles
shared paternity and maternity leave
what was the take-up of shared maternity/ paternity leave by 2018
2%
why was the take-up of shared maternity/ paternity leave so low
because the expressive and instrumental roles are imbedded into peopleâs psychology through socialisation
paternity leave is paid less than maternity leave
most men are primary earners due to the gender pay gap and so paternity leave cannot be afforded
how has globalisation affected the division of domestic labour
Caribbean families are more likely to be lone parent/ matrifocal, which results in women taking on more responsibilities in domestic labour
South Asian families are more likely to have traditional gender roles/ scripts
globalisation/ immigration has led to an increase in families hiring personal care (such as nannies), often from poorer countries
these are typically women
according to the Telegraph, how many more people employ a cleaner than a decade ago
`1 million
Brannen on housework
housework performed by children is often a neglected subject and by the age of 16 young people do contribute to the running of a household
what is the difference between genders in terms of young peopleâs contribution to housework
young women do more than young men
according to Brannen, what ethnic differences are there in terms of childrenâs contribution to housework
young Asian girls are more likely to do housework
why might middle class children be less likely to help with housework
their families can afford cleaners
in 2017, how many grandparents were taking on childcare responsibilities
5 million
what are the benefits of children spending time with grandparents
generational conflict/ age patriarchy is reduced
Edgell on power relationships
men still make the majority of decisions in relationships about things deemed more important - money, moving house etc - while decisions deemed less important are made by women
according to Edgell, why do men make the majority of decisions in relationships
they have economic power because they typically earn more than women
Pahl and Vogler on power relationships
they could be seen to be becoming more equal, because in the place of an allowance system, pooling systems are being used so that family income is shared
in 2011, what percentage of married couples claimed to consult each other on family decisions
59%
in 2011, what percentage of married women had sole control over financial decisions within their relationship
44%
Smart on family income in lesbian and gay couples
some gay and lesbian couples attach no importance to who controls the money within their relationship
Weeks on family income
Weeks notices the growth of co-independence, by which each partner manages their own finances for personal spending, but contributes to a joint pool
Dobash and Dobash on power relationships
marriage legitimises violence against women
according to Dobash and Dobash, what happens as the family becomes more geographically mobile
it is cut off from the extended family and so women experiencing domestic violence feel isolated
on average, how many times is a woman assaulted before her first call to the police
35
Donovan on power relationships
domestic violence exists in homosexual as well as heterosexual couples and is often the result of material factors in the home
which sociologist is Donovan criticising
Dunne
Note 
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