Metabolism TTC

A1C

A lab test used to assess long-term blood glucose levels over 3 months.

Adrenal Cortex

A component of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis that produces glucocorticoid and androgen hormones important for the regulation of the stress response, blood pressure and volume, nutrient uptake and storage, fluid and electrolyte balance and inflammation.

Adrenal Medulla

Neuroendocrine tissue composed of postganglionic sympathetic nerve system (SNS) neurons that are stimulated by the autonomic nervous system to secrete hormones epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Aldosterone

A mineralocorticoid released by the adrenal cortex that controls fluid and electrolyte balance through the regulation of sodium and potassium.

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Released by the posterior pituitary in response to stimuli from osmoreceptors indicating high blood osmolarity. Its effect is to cause increased water reabsorption by the kidneys. As more water is reabsorbed by the kidneys, the greater the amount of water that is returned to the blood, thus causing a decrease in blood osmolarity. Also known as vasopressin because, in very high concentrations it causes constriction of blood vessels, which increases blood pressure by increasing peripheral resistance. `

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

The amount of energy used by the body at rest

Endocrine Gland

Gland that secretes hormones that target other organs

Exocrine Gland

Gland that secretes digestive enzymes

Hormones

Chemical signals sent by the endocrine organs and transported via the bloodstream throughout the body where they bind to receptors on target cells and induce a characteristic response.

Hyperglycemia

Elevated blood glucose levels

Hypoglycemia

A blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL

Pituitary Gland

Controls all other endocrine glands; influences growth, metabolism and regeneration.

Hyperparathyroidism

A disorder caused by an overproduction of PTH that results in excessive calcium reabsorption from bone, which causes significantly decreased bone density and spontaneous fractures. Decreased responsiveness of the nervous system, calcium deposits in the body's tissues and organs and impaired function.

Hyperthyroidism

Abnormally elevated blood levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4, often caused by a pituitary tumor, thyroid tumor or autoimmune reaction in which antibodies overstimulate the follicle cells of the thyroid gland.

Hypoparathyroidism

Abnormally low blood calcium levels caused by parathyroid hormone deficiency, which may develop following thyroid surgery. Low blood calcium can cause muscle twitching, cramping, spasms, or convulsions; severe deficits can paralyze muscles, including those involved in breathing. Can also be fatal.

Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (HPA axis)

The hypothalamus stimulates the release of ACTH from the pituitary gland, which then stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce the hormone cortisol as well as the steroid hormones important for the regulation of the stress response. It also stimulates blood pressure/ blood volume, nutrient uptake and storage and fluid and electrolyte balance and inflammation. This system is called?

Hypothalamus-Pituitary Complex

The "command center" of the endocrine system that secretes several hormones that directly produce responses in target tissues, as well as hormones that regulate the synthesis and secretion of hormones of other glands. In addition, it coordinates the messages of the endocrine and nervous systems.

Hypothyroidism

Abnormally low blood levels of thyroid hormones T3 and T4 in the bloodstream.

Insulin

A hormone that facilitates the uptake of glucose into skeletal and adipose body cells.

Mineralocorticoids

Hormones released by the adrenal cortex that regulate body minerals, especially sodium and potassium, which are essential for fluid and electrolyte balance. EX: Aldosterone

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

The hormone released by parathyroid glands and is involved in the regulation of blood calcium levels.

Tropic Hormone

Hormones that turn on or off the function of other endocrine glands, including ACTH, FSH, LH and TSH.

Type 1 Diabetes

An autoimmune disease that affects the beta cells of the pancreas so they do not produce insulin; thus, synthetic insulin must be administered by injection or infusion.

Type 2 Diabetes

A condition where the body's cells become resistant to the effects of insulin. Overtime, the beta cells become exhausted and if blood glucose levels cannot be controlled through a healthy diet and exercise, then oral medication must be implemented and eventually insulin administration may be required.

False

(It's elicited when placing a blood pressure cuff on the arm; when it is inflated the client experiences carpal spasms)

Trousseau sign is elicited by taping on the face in front of the ear and observing for contraction of the muscle. True or False

True

The thyroid glands regulate our energy and metabolism; and can be palpated during an assessment. True or False

False

(It may persist up to 1 year after the course of corticosteroids)

Suppression of the adrenal cortex may persist up to 3 months after the course of corticosteroids of only 2 weeks duration. True or False

False

(Prolactin stimulates production of breast milk)

Prolactin is a hormone released by the pituitary gland to stimulate the growth of your body. True or False

Hormonal / Testosterone

Some women with ___ imbalances such as ____ may have hair in areas generally thought of as masculine.

Elevated / Hypermetabolism / Increase

When a person's temperature is ___, _____ occurs and the respiratory rate, heart rate and basal metabolic rate _____.

Adrenal glands / mineralocorticoids / catecholamines

The ____ ______s have two divisions - the cortex and medulla. The cortex produces three types of hormones: glucocorticoids, ________, and androgens. The medulla produces _______, epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Thyroid / calcitonin

The ________gland normally produces triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and _____

-Tachycardia

-Nervousness

-Diaphoresis

-Confusion

-Seizures

-Coma

List 4 clinical manifestation you would expect to see in a client experiencing hypoglycemia:

-Polyuria

-Polydipsia

-Polyphagia

-Weight loss

-Fatigue

-Increased infections

List 4 clinical manifestations you would expect to see in a client experiencing hyperglycemia:

-Intolerance to cold

-Hypothermia

-Bradycardia

-Flat affect (lack of emotion)

-Increased need for sleep

-Ataxia (impaired coordination)

List 4 clinical manifestation you would expect to see in a client experiencing hypothyroidism:

Primary:

Diet

Exercise

Healthy weight

List 2 primary preventions of metabolic disorders

Nutritional screening

Lab work

List 2 secondary preventions of metabolic disorders:

Trousseau’s sign

Involuntary hand and wrist muscle contractions. It can indicate hypocalcemia.

Chvostek’s sign

A physical exam finding, characterized by twitching of the facial muscles in response to tapping the facial nerve, and is often associated with hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia.

7

The general A1C target level is less than ____%.

Severe hypoglycemia

Refers to a blood glucose level below 40.