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Progressive Movement
A social and political movement aimed at addressing issues caused by industrialization, urbanization, and corruption.
Muckrakers
Investigative journalists who exposed societal issues and corruption through their writings.
Florence Kelley
A reformer and advocate for women’s and children’s labor rights and better working conditions.
Graft
The use of political influence for personal gain, often leading to corruption.
Coal Miners’ Strike 1902
A major strike by coal miners seeking better wages and conditions, resulting in federal intervention.
Elkins and Hepburn Act
Legislation aimed at regulating railroad rates and ending unfair practices.
Trust-Busting
The practice of breaking up monopolies and promoting competition, notably pursued by Presidents Roosevelt and Taft.
Initiative, Referendum, Recall
Political reforms allowing citizens to propose laws (initiative), vote on laws (referendum), and remove officials (recall).
Social Gospel
A religious movement advocating for social justice and reform based on Christian ethics.
Imperialism
The policy of extending a country's influence through diplomacy or military force.
Land Acquired from SPAM War
Territories such as Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines were annexed following the Spanish-American War.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
A naval officer whose writings emphasized the importance of naval power for national greatness.
Yellow Journalism
Sensationalized news reporting to influence public opinion, particularly before the Spanish-American War.
Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
An agreement that allowed the U.S. to construct a canal through Central America without British interference.
Open Door Policy
U.S. policy advocating for equal trading rights in China for all nations.
Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
Treaty granting the U.S. control over the Panama Canal Zone in exchange for financial compensation.
Panama Canal
A crucial waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, allowing quicker maritime trade.
Roosevelt Corollary
An extension of the Monroe Doctrine asserting U.S. intervention in Latin America to maintain stability.
World War I
A global conflict from 1914-1918 involving major world powers, triggered by several interrelated causes.
4 Main Causes of WWI
Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, and Nationalism were primary contributors to the outbreak of war.
Sinking of the Lusitania
The British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine in 1915, killing many Americans.
Reasons for U.S. Involvement
Factors such as German unrestricted submarine warfare, strong ties to Allies, and the Zimmermann Telegram prompted U.S. action.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Laws that limited freedom of speech and dissent during WWI.
Schenck v. United States
Supreme Court case that upheld limits on free speech during wartime under the 'clear and present danger' standard.
AEF and John J. Pershing
The American Expeditionary Forces led by General John J. Pershing played a crucial role in the Allied victory.
Committee on Public Information (CPI)
Government agency promoting U.S. involvement in WWI and encouraging public support through propaganda.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
President Wilson's proposed framework for post-war peace emphasizing self-determination, free trade, and the League of Nations.
Treaty of Versailles
The treaty ending WWI, which imposed reparations on Germany and established the League of Nations.
U.S. Senate and the Treaty of Versailles
The Senate ultimately rejected the Treaty of Versailles and the U.S. did not join the League of Nations.
Progressive Amendments
16th (income tax), 17th (direct election of senators), 18th (prohibition), 19th (women's suffrage).
Selective Service Act
Required men to register for the military draft during WWI.
Big Stick Policy
Roosevelt's approach to foreign diplomacy emphasizing military strength.
Dollar Diplomacy
Taft's policy of promoting U.S. economic interests abroad.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act
Strengthened laws against monopolies and protected the rights of workers to strike and organize.
Settlement Houses
Provided services and education to the urban poor, helping with social reform.
Panama Canal
Facilitated quicker trade routes; key to U.S. naval strategy.
Platt Amendment
Restricted Cuba's sovereignty, allowing U.S. intervention in Cuban affairs.
Gentleman’s Agreement
Informal agreement limiting Japanese immigration in exchange for ending segregation.
Triple Entente and Triple Alliance
Alliances in WWI; Triple Entente (France, Britain, Russia) vs. Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy).
War on the Homefront
Mobilization efforts included rationing and the role of women and minorities.
Women & African-American role
Women took on more roles in the workforce and helped in wartime efforts.
Upton Sinclair – The Jungle
Exposed unsafe working conditions in the meatpacking industry.
Zimmermann Telegram
Secret communication that mobilized American public support for entering WWI.
Monroe Doctrine
Stated U.S. opposition to European colonialism in the Americas.
Open Door Policy
Advocated for equal trading rights in China among foreign nations.
Fourteen Points
Wilson’s outline for post-war peace and establishment of the League of Nations.