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Gastr/o
stomach
enter/o
small intestine
Intestin/o
intestine
Proct/o
anus + rectum
Other names for digestive system include..
Gastrointestinal tract, digestive tract, and alimentary canal
How long is the GI tract?
30 feet long
What does the GI tract begin with?
Mouth/oral cavity
What does the GI tract end with?
anus
Define digestion
breakdown of food into nutrients in a form the body can use
pept/o
digestion
define absorption
process where digested nutrients are transported by the red blood cell to every body cell
define elimination
to get rid of undigested food
Define ingestion
intake of food
define nutrient
a substance usually from food that is necessary for normal functioning of the body
define metabolism
includes all the processes involved in the body’s use of nutrients
metabol/o
change
-ism
condition
Functions of the digestive system
digestion on nutrients, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste from the body which is undigested food
The structures that make up the digestive system
mouth
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
rectum
anus
accessory organs that make up the digestive system include
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
small and large intestine are known as the…
bowel
dentist
specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases of teeth and tissues of the oral cavity
gastroenterologist
specializes in in diagnosing and treating diseases of the stomach and intestines
internist
treats internal organs
orthodontist
dental specialist who prevents or corrects malocclusion of the teeth
define malocclusion
deviation from the normal positioning of the upper teeth against the lower teeth
peridontist
dental specialist who prevents or treats disorders of the tissues surrounding the teeth
Proctologist
specializes in disorders of the colon, rectum, and anus
Dietician
a specialist in food and nutrition who practices medical nutrition therapy and counsels patients on improving their dietary intake
nutritionist
specialist in food and nutrition
dental hygienist
examine patients for signs of oral diseases such as gingivitis and provide preventative care
Structures that make up the upper GI tract
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, and stomach
Structures that make up the lower GI tract
Small intestine, large intestine, rectum and anus
what is mechanical digestion
Mastication.
Define mastication
It is breaking down food through chewing, mixing, mashing, and squishing food. takes place in the MOUTH
What is chemical digestion?
breakdown of food by digestive enzymes and hydrochloric acid
Where does chemical digestion take place?
mostly in the stomach and small intestine
what are digestive enzymes?
they are responsible for chemical changes that break foods down into simpler forms of nutrients for use by the body
or/o
mouth or oral cavity
What is another name for oral cavity
mouth or buccal cavity
What structures are in the oral cavity?
lips, hard and soft palate, salivary glands, tongue, teeth, and periodontium
function of lips
forms the opening of the mouth
function of cheeks
form the walls of the oral cavity
What two structures of the oral cavity help hold food in the mouth and keep it in place during mastication?
lips and cheeks
Function of hard and soft palate
forms the roof of the mouth
what are the three parts of the palate
hard palate, soft palate, and uvula
describe the Hard palate
forms bony anterior portion of palate
located behind the front teeth
covered with a specialized mucous membrane
What does the soft palate form?
the flexible posterior portion of the palate
What is the role of the soft palate?
during swallowing, it closes off the nasal passage to prevent food and liquid from moving upward into the nasal cavity
Describe rugae
irregular ridges or folds in the mucous membrane covering the hard palate
Function of rugae
helps us swallow
describe taste buds
sensory receptors for the sense of taste
Sense of taste and sense of _____ are best friends
Smell
-phagia
eating or swallowing
aphagia
loss of ability to swallow
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
Teeth are responsible for…
mastication (mechanical digestion)
describe gums
specialized mucous membrane that covers the bones of the dental arches and surround the neck of the teeth
dentition
refers to the natural arrangement of the teeth in the upper and lower jaw
what is deciduous dentition?
baby teeth
deciduous dentition contains ____ teeth
20 (10 in each jaw)
what is Permanent dentition?
teeth that last a lifetime
Permanent dentition contains _____ teeth
32 (16 in each jaw)
describe peridontium
structures that surround, support, and are attached to the teeth
edentulous means…
without teeth; permanent teeth that have been lost
There are different types of teeth
Describe incisors
they are your front teeth
How many canines/cuspids do we have?
4
How many incisors do we have?
8 of them
What does the word root cusp/i?
pointed
How many premolars/bicuspids do we have?
8
Describe premolars/bicuspids
they have a flat surface; used for chewing and grinding
Describe molars
they are the big teeth in the back; have a flat surface and are used for chewing and grinding
how many molars do we have?
12
What are wisdom teeth
3rd set of molars
Structures and tissues of the teeth
crown=
portion of tooth that is visible
Structures and tissues of the teeth
enamel=
hardest substance in the body. Harder than bone.
Made of phosphorus and calcium
once tooth is fully developed, it cannot grow or repair itself
job is to protect dentin + crown
Structures and tissues of the teeth
root=
hold the tooth securely in place within the dental arch.
located below the gums
tooth may have 1 or multiple of these depending on the size
Structures and tissues of the teeth
cementum=
surrounds and protects the root. is hard but not as strong as enamel
Structures and tissues of the teeth
neck of tooth=
place where the crown and root meet
Structures and tissues of the teeth
dentin=
makes up the bulk of the tooth
2nd layer of the tooth
portion above the gum line and is covered with enamel
like bone but harder
gives shape and structure to the tooth
Structures and tissues of the teeth
pulp chamber/cavity=
open area located in the center of tooth; contains pulp
what is the pulp chamber surrounded by
dentin (to help protect pulp of tooth)
Structures and tissues of the teeth
pulp=
located in pulp chamber
made up of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
Function of pulp
Sensory function: pain from trauma to the dentin and/or pulp, differences in temperature, and pressure are caused by stimulation of the pulp
formation of dentin
Nourishment: contains blood vessels that help to prevent the tooth from becoming brittle by keeping it moisturized and nourished
What do salivary glands secrete
A colorless liquid called saliva
What is saliva comprised of?
98% water, electrolytes, mucus, antibacterial compounds, and various enzymes
Saliva function
maintain moisture in the mouth and clean it
moisten food
and begin process of CHO (carb) digestion
How many pairs of salivary glands does the body have?
3 pairs
Name the three pairs of salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular
describe Submandibular gland
back of jaw
describe sublingual gland
under tongue
describe parotid gland
in front of ears
What is the pharynx important for?
swallowing (deglutition)
Name the 3 parts of the pharnyx
nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx
describe nasopharynx
space above the soft palate at the back of the nose. connects the nose and mouth, which allows a person to breathe through the nose
what does the nasopharynx contain?
nasopharyngeal tonsils and adenoids
describe the oropharynx
located below the soft palate
Function of the oropharynx
serves as a passageway for food moving from the mouth to the esophagus and for air moving to and from the nasal cavity
Function of laryngopharynx
to pass food and air to their appropriate locations
Location of laryngopharynx
it is the cavity located behind the nasal cavity, behind the mouth and above the esophagus and larynx
Note
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