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Common craft design features
•Efficiency – fuel efficiency taking into account ability to maintain high speeds and carry high loads, mostly takes into account wave resistance
•Comfort – looks at crew comfort and typically the resistance of transverse and longitudinal pitching movements
•Safety – similar to comfort in that it involves sharp movements which could dislodge crew or gear
•Cost effectiveness
Specific hull designs
Hard chine
Catamaran
Trimaran
Hydrofoil
Small water-plane-area twin hull (SWATH)
Wave piercer
Hard Chine features/use
•Hard chine hulls are boats with a distinct angle in the hull with little rounding.
•Most hard chine boats allow for a smaller dead rise and are commonly found on planing boats
•There can be one or more chines in the hull and the chine angles or deadrise may change between the bow and stern of the boat.
Efficiency
•Planing allows for efficient movement at high speed because the wetted surface area is low
Comfort
• An increased dead rise at the front of the boat allows for better seakeeping performance at the cost of efficiency
Safety
•Chine walking when travelling at high speeds the back of the boat skips from side to side
•A monohull compared to a cat or tri will have less inherent stability
Cost effectiveness
•Can use cheaper materials such as plywood or steel but would need to reinforce the chines as they
Catamaran features/use
•A multi hulled boat with two parallel hulls of equal size.
•Catamarans are often light weight and have a smaller displacement and draught but are much wider than comparable monohulls
•Ship stability comes from buoyancy and waterplane (where the ship breaks through the water) but a higher water plane = more resistance. Catamarans provide 2 skinny amas with a lower water plane area whilst still having a wide beam for stability.
Efficiency
•As catamarans have a reduced wetted surface area (lower displacement with long narrow hulls) it will be more efficient than a displacement hull trying to double its speed, starting at a slow speed
Comfort
•Catamarans have high initial stability
•Catamarans have more slapping on the water surface
Safety
•Move around the deck is like a flat surface due to the high initial stability unlike the rolling monohull
•Most have natural buoyancy, even though they may capsize in a bad accident, they will stay on the water surface
•When an ama leaves the water there is loss of stability and the vessel capsizes
Cost effectiveness
•High compared to monohull – minimum of two of everything
•Maintenance costs are higher
•Cross deck structure has need to resist bending and torsion which needs a lot of engineering and can get expensive
Trimaran features/use
•Consists of one central hull with two smaller side hulls (amas).
Efficiency
•Great for high speed with moderate weight capacity and large deck area.
Comfort
•Good seakeeping – length greatly reduces pitch motions in waves, narrow hull reduces the slamming or slapping into waves but just cuts straight through. Side amas reduce roll motions
Safety
•Don’t capsize when heeling – central hull remains in water, reliably stable
Cost effectiveness
•Trimarans cross deck is smaller – distance between centre hull and amas therefore there is less longtidunal bending allowing for heavy loads without needing heaps of reinforcement on the cross deck.
less to run due to decreased resistance
Hydrofoil features/use
•A boat with a winged keel that lifts the hull out of the water
Efficiency
•The ability to lift the hull out of the water greatly reduces the drag and allows for the boat to travel at very high speeds
•The load needs to stay low to allow for the lift generated to take the hull out of the water
Cost effectiveness
•Need high tech computers for the foils to act like wings (designed by boeing the airplane company)
•Very expensive – at least 3x more expensive than an equivalent monohull
Safety and comfort
•Needs to control heave (hydrostatic forces), roll (transverse stability), pitch (longitudinal stability), yaw (rudder or keel) controlled on normal boats by buoyancy. With hydrofoils all these need to be countered for
•If these aren’t properly countered for the boat can fall off the foil which can result in an uncomfortable pitch
•However staying on foil with adequate control allows the boat to ride smoothly without being hit by waves at all
SWATH features/use
•Specialised catamaran which minimises seakeeping motion.
•Force of waves depends on the width of the amas or the waterplane area.
Efficiency
•Very weight sensitive due to the thin hulls. Minimal flexibility in cargo capacity. Limits applications to small vessels that do not carry high weight cargoes
•It has a lot of wetted hull surface which results in high drag at high speed making it very inefficient at speed
Safety
•Too insensitive to ocean waves – if the waves are too large the swath doesn’t ride up the wave unless it has control fins. A large wave could easily slam into the cross deck and there would be lots of green water on deck
•For its size it is the best motion in wave
Comfort
•Enormously superior in seakeeping
•Reduced seasickness
•Crew operates in rough weather
•Easier to maintain position
•Massive deck area
•Doesn’t help roll accelerations but reduces wave pounding
Cost effectiveness
•Very expensive due to several new design challenges
•Require active motion controls to work the control fins
•Engines need to be housed on the cross deck and the energy transferred down to the propellors in the submerged hulls
Wave Piercer features/use
•What the wave piercer (and the axe bow) rely on is having a long hull with weight focused aft which decreases the pitching motion
Efficiency
•Doesn’t lose forward speed and has less resistance in waves
•Good for high speed in in waves application
•Long narrow low resistance hull provides good efficiency
Comfort
•Long length reacts gradually to waves
•Has large potential for slamming
•Large spray and large green water on deck
•Long bow length creates excessive yaw motions
•Even in clam seas its wave piercing motion means there is a lot of yaw movement creating an uncomfortable ride
Safety
•Generally has very good seakeeping in rough seas
Cost effectiveness
•Relatively new design still carries a high price
•Deck either needs to be very high or else protected with extra structure to prevent damage from waves
Maritime Construction materials
Wood,
Metal (steel/Aluminium), Fibreglass, Plastic
Characteristics of construction - Wood CAFE
Can last a long time if properly maintained, although needs much attention, such as scraping, sanding, varnishing, and painting, as well as the seams needing caulking to keep them watertight. Wood is generally pretty durable and long lasting if well kept after, although can deteriorate. Cheap
Aesthetically pleasing, pretty functional, pretty environmentally friendly
Characteristics of construction - Metal (Steel/Aluminium)
Aluminium specifically is generally strong and lightweight, and usedd in smaller boats, and are very durable and long lasting, and require minimal care, although they may ride rougher and harder than other boats. Steel is stronger and harder than aluminium, however is too heavy for small boats. Not overly expensive and easyish to work with
Not very aesthetically pleasing, very functional, not the most environmentally friendly
Characteristics of construction - Fibreglass
Fibreglass are generally heavier than aluminium boats and cannot take the same damage as a metal boat, but ride in the water much smoother and float better. They slap less and are softer to ride. Moderately expensive and slightly hard to work with.
not the most environmentally friendly, aestheticv, pretty functional
Characteristics of construction - Plastic
Plastic is generally a very light and durable material, that require minimal maintenence, however do not ride or as comfortable due to lack of weight as fibreglass or aluminium. Cheap.
Not aessthetic, very functional, not the most environmental
vessel design - commercial fishing boat
Hull/Vessel design:
-Commercial fishing boats are often designed around having maximum deck space for fishing efficiency, with a covered area for the captain, and oversize fuel and freezers for extended offshore trips.
-The hull is a displacement, usually a hard chine hull, designed for long journeys in rough conditions, and being reasonable expensive to build in comparison to other hull designs.
Specialized equipment:
Many large commercial fishing boats contained oversize fuel tanks and freezers to keep their catch cool and to extend their stays far offshore. They may have specialized fishing equipment, such as cranes, nets, pots or winches, depending on the target species and techniques.
Equipment such as detailed radar, GPS navigation and sonar is also required for fishing operations, as finding the target species would otherwise be very difficult.
Storage:
The boat’s large deck allows for the fishing gear to be kept on the back of the boat, whilst sleeping for crew is towards the front, and the specially designed freezers store the fish over long and extended trips
Vessel layout/ Accommodation:
The sleeping quarters underneath the cabin accommodate the crew, whilst the open deck is reserved for fishing equipment.
Task Specific Features:
The large fuel tank and extended deck space allow for both large trips and lots of fishing equipment, and the large freezer allows for the storage of the catch. Also, for some species, especially crustaceans, a large under-deck water tank is used to keep the catch alive for several days.
vessel design yacht - sailing
Hull/Vesssel design:
A sailing yacht is usually a single-hulled hard chine, although they may be catamarans or trimarans for increased stability.
Specialised Equipment:
Sailing equioment such as mast, sails, ruddder, navigation equipment, pulleys, winches.
Storage:
All underneath the deck, storage for sails, equipment, food, water and fuel.
Vessel lay-out/accomadation:
The cabin/s are usually in the midship, with the bow and sstern used for storage, with the sutface being watertight, and minimal equioment above deck
task specific features
designed for ease of use when sailking and for rough/large seas, and for elongated trips, meaning comfort, large storage, and a well riding vessel are paramount.
vessel design dive boat
Hull/Vessel Design
Diveboats are usually a fibreglass/aluminium hard chine, although can be a catamaran (usually fibreglass) for more stability when stationary.
Specialized equipment:
Tank storage area, large prep area, dive doors and ladders, minimal dry areas, large storage area for equipment.
Storage:
Underseat storage for equipment, and underdeck, also tank ‘racks’ are used to store diving tanks.
Vessel layout/ Accommodation:
Usually a forward cabin style, with an enclosed dry area and a large undercover wet area for the divers, possible underbow sleeping quarters on larger vessels
Task Specific Features:
They have enlarged dive ladders and doors, oversized transoms, gear and tank storage.
vessel design rigid inflatable boat. CSSVT
Comparison: Deep ‘v’ hull, equipment such as
Specialised Equipment:
Towing/Salvage: Towing posts, winches, salvage pumps. Firefighting: Fire pumps, hoses, foam systems. Research Tools: Sampling equipment, data collection instruments. Dive Gear: Storage for scuba tanks and dive equipment. Rescue Equipment: Rescue lines, stretchers, and medical kits. Military/Law Enforcement: Weapon mounts, surveillance gear
.Vessel layout:
Central console for controls. 2. Seating for passengers.
3. Open deck space.
4. Storage compartments.
5. Bow locker for gear.
6. Transom for motors.
7. Inflatable tubes for stability. 8. Safety gear storage.
Storage:
in centre console and underneath back of the boat, also possible in gunnels or at bow.
task specific features:
inflatable tubes for impacts, oversized outbourd for speed.
Categories of underwater archaeological sites:
1)Submerged refuse sites
2)Inundated settlements or harbours
3)Shrines or sacred localities (such as the cenote at Chichen Itza
4)Shipwrecks
What is maritime archaeology?
“The recovery and interpretation of human remains and cultural materials of the past from underwater by archaeologists”
“Archaeology can be defined minimally as the study of the interrelationship of form, temporal locus and spatial locus exhibited by artefacts”
What historical informaition can be found in shipwrecks?
Shipwrecks are a special kind of archaeological site which have been compared to time capsules.
Why accidental?
•Very sudden
•A mass of objects dated from the earliest historical times to present
•Capable of being located, recovered, identified and preserved
Insight to cross section of social classes
•Crew/officers/passengers
•Can be clearly represented even after wrecking
information on:
•technology
•trade
•personal belongings
•armaments
•armament policy
•monetary systems
•navigation
•ship construction
•shipboard life; societal and functional implications
Stakeholder interests in shipwrecks
Archaeological information obtained from shipwrecks varies considerably as can the interests of different organisations.
Stakeholders may wish to study the:
•Technology of ship construction
•Nature of trade and mercantile activities
•Research of on-site formation
•The effects of marine corrosion
•Consequences of diver activities
Impacts of artefact removal
•How can you preserve the archaeological context of artefacts when performing an excavation?
Damage to the artefact
•Notes
•Drawings
•Photographs
•
•Careful recording is necessary, otherwise the operation is not an archaeological excavation; rather an uncontrolled salvage producing a simple inventory
Artefact definition
Material remains that are excavated or removed during a survey, excavation, or other study of a prehistoric or historic resource and associated records that are prepared or assembled in connection with the excavation
Describe the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976
•Protects historic wrecks and associated relics, that are more than 75 years old and in Commonwealth waters, extending from below the low water mark to the edge of the continental shelf
•
•Each state/NT has complementary legislation, which protects historic shipwrecks in State waters, such as bays, harbours and rivers
•
•Under the terms of the act, individual shipwrecks were nominated to the federal minister, then officially gazetted at protected sites
•
•Minister for the Environment, Heritage and the Arts can also make a declaration to protect any historically significant wrecks or articles and relics which are less than 75 years old
Underwater Cultural Hertiage Act 2018
•On 24 August 2018 the Australian Parliament passed the Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018
•The Act came into effect on 1 July 2019, replacing the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976
•This new Underwater Heritage Act will continue the protection of Australia’s shipwrecks, and broaden protection to sunken aircraft and other types of underwater cultural heritage
Why was the new Underwater Cultural Heritage legislation introduced?
The Underwater Cultural Heritage Act 2018 replaced the Historic Shipwrecks Act 1976 with a modernised framework for protecting and managing Australia’s underwater cultural heritage and enable the Government to progress consideration of ratification of the UNESCO 2001 Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage.
Why was maritime archaeological law created in WA?
To protect important maritime sites of history.
What are the factors that influence the selection of artefacts for conservation and display?
Historical significance | 3.1 Our Australian story - |
3.2 Understanding significance - | |
3.4 Historical value - | |
3.8 Making Comparisons - | |
Aesthetics | 3.3 Aesthetic value |
Value | 3.5 Scientific/research - |
3.6 Social - | |
3.7 Spiritual - | |
Impact of Removal | 4. Why do ruins pose particular challenges? |
Where is the dutch east indies
Indonesia
What is the VOC
VOC – Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie – Dutch (1599) -Dutch East India Trading company
Powerful trading company
Helped established Dutch rule in what is now Indonesia
The Dutch government gave the company a monopoly on trade between Asia and the Netherlands
Also received broad governmental and military powers including the right to rule territories and wage war in Asia
By 1700 VOC gained control of cinnamon, clove and nutmeg trade in the East Indies
Batavia
Now jakarta, was the centre of trading in the dutch east indies.
VOC and discovering terra australis
Trade routes required ships to cross the Indian Ocean which led to the discovery of the Terra Australis Incognita
Terra Australis (Australia), name given to the hypothetical continent located somewhere in the south that hadn’t been found
Brouwers route
Brouwer 1611 West Coast on new route to spice islands
Dutch captain Hendrik Brouwer can be credited with bringing the first European ships into close contact with WA
In 1611 he discovered a quicker trade route to Indonesia’s spice islands
Using the ‘roaring forties’, a band of strong winds in the southern oceans to speed the passage of ships eastward
After passing the Cape of Good Hope, ships sailed along the east coast of Africa, through the Mozambique Channel and then up across the Indian Ocean to the Indies
Later, due to problems with the Portuguese, ships of other nations took a course to the east of Madagasar to avoid their stronghold at Mozambique
Brouwers route problems
Prevailing south-easterly trade winds and the southerly mozambique current
made it difficult to sail north along the east coast of Africa
In the hot equatorial areas, there were often long periods when ships were becalmed causing provisions to rot and crews to sicken
Numerous shoals, islands and reefs in the central Indian Ocean, causing navigational hazards
About brouwers route
This new route took less than six months compared with a year or more for the former path
On his arrival Brouwer advocated the new route, outlining the many advantages
Others who sailed this route recommended that it be the only route used as it 'ensures the good condition of trade goods and provisions and a healthy crew
By 1617 the VOC had published the sailing instructions which required the route to be used
With problems establishing longitude not solved until the invention of the chronometer over 150 years later, ships sailing too far east before turning north inevitably ran into the Western Australian Coast
First Landing on Aus
In 1616, Dirk Hartog and the crew of a Dutch East India Company vessel, the Eendrach
became the first Europeans to sight the coast of what we now know as Western Australia.
The Eendracht had accidently reached Western Australia after being pushed further eastward than expected by strong winds in the roaring forties.
By the time Hartog decided to head north, he was within sight of Australia’s western coast.
On 25 October, the Eendracht dropped anchor near an island known today as Dirk Hartog Island.
The captain and crew went ashore at the northern tip of the island, the point we now call Cape Inscription.
In doing so, Hartog and his men entered the history books as the first Europeans to walk on the west coast of Australia.
Hartog plate
Dirk Hartog left a record of his visit to the west coast of Australia inscribed on a pewter plate.-25th OCTOBER 1616 This artefact is now famous for being the first known recording of European contact left on Australian soil.
The plate remained on the island until 1697, when Dutchman Willem de Vlamingh replaced it with his own plate.
Agricultural potential of aus
Although the Dutch East India Company mapped much of Australia’s coastline by 1644, several factors deterred them from colonising this new land.
A succession of Dutch mariners had reported
a lack of safe harbours
little fresh water
poor soil
many hazardous reefs along its coast
little or no trading opportunities
Vlamigh and agricultural potential
The last Dutch mariner to provide any real evidence of the region’s potential was Willem de Vlamingh.
On instructions to assess the land’s agricultural potential, he visited Western Australia between December 1696 and February 1697.
During his time on the west coast, Vlamingh explored Rottnest Island and the mainland in and around the Swan River together with several areas of interest that lay north along the coast.
He also visited Dirk Hartog Island, where he replaced the pewter plate that Hartog had erected some 80 years earlier.
Vlamingh’s observations of the country further confirmed the negative reports of his predecessors.
It was a view that would be expressed again by English explorer William Dampier when he visited the North West just two years later in 1699, and again by the French and other British explorers 100 years after that.
Zuytdorp
Only VOC wreck from which survivors didn’t reach Batavia
Unique wreck - important for discovering clues of the circumstances of the wreck and the fate of the ship's passengers and crew
1152 ton East Indiaman Zuytdorp
160 foot long
Constructed 1701
Maiden voyage to Batavia in 1702 and 2nd in 1707
On its third and final voyage from Holland the Zytdorp left Wielingen on 1 August 1711 in company with the Belvliet, a small vessel
No cargo list for the Zuytdorp has survived but the vessel probably carried about 250,000 giulders in cash; all in silver
Zuytdorp final voyage
1st August 1711 left Netherlands
Zuytdorp lost 112 persons on the way to the Cape of Good Hope where it arrived on 23 March 1712.
They left the Cape of Good Hope, Table Bay, with the ship Kockenge on 22 April 1712.
Due to the departure being in April, opposed to the more favourable March, the skipper decided to make up time by sailing east until sighting New Holland, before turning north for Batavia.
Zuytdorp discovery
In 1927, indications of a wreck were found on the border of Tamala and Murchison House stations by a combined European/Aboriginal family group of station workers who kept it secret for decades
•After reporting to the authorities the wreck was identified in 1954 by geologist Phillip Playford from the dates on the coins
•1967 divers first saw what was described as a carpet of silver measuring several square metres at the stern of the wreck
•1964 dives were undertaken finding anchors, cannon, lead ingots, ballast stones, smaller, badly eroded brass cannons
Zuytdorp location
North of Kalbarri - cliffs
Vergulde Draeck
41.8m - A VOC Trading ship from the netherlands, built in 1653
Vergulde Draeck voyage
Left texel 4th october 1655. The Gilt dragon left Texel, netherlands for batavia, and was wrecked on reef on the 28th of april 1656, where 75 of 193 people made it to shore.
A ssmall passenger boat was sent for Batavia (arriving 40 days later).
Vergulde draeck discovery
The wreck was first discovered in APril 1963 by spearfisherman, and after many years of looting it fell under the protection of the western australian museum.
Verrguld draeck location
Off ledge point
Chronometer:
What is it:
A chronometer is an accurate clock used to determine the time between the present and when the ship left the port to determine longitude.
Chronometer:
When invented:
John Harrison presented his first design of the chronometer in 1730.
Chronometer:
How does it work:
Harrison’s chronomoter used his own invention, modified roller bearings, so the use of lubricating oil was nonexistent, and used two dumbell balances instead of a pendulum together.
Sextant:
What is it:
The sextant was a device that measured the angle between two visible objects, which when used with the sun/stars can be used to find latitude, and using two celestial objects it can find longitude, and can also find the position on a chart
Sextant:
When invented:
1730/31 John Hadley Thomas Godfrey
Sextant:
How does it work:
The sextant makes use of two mirrors. With this sextant, one of the mirrors is half-silvered, which allows some light to pass through. In navigating, you look at the horizon through this mirror.
The other mirror is attached to a movable arm. Light from an object, let's say the sun, reflects off this mirror. The arm can be moved to a position where the sun's reflection off the mirror also reflects off mirror A and through the eyepiece. What you see when this happens is one object (the sun) superimposed on the other (the horizon). The angle between the two objects is then read off the scale.
Astrolabe:
When invented:
225 BCE
Astrolabe:
How does it work:
At night, the Pole Star was sighted directly through small pinholes in the two vanes mounted on the pivoting alidade or rule. The altitude in degrees was then read off from the scale on the outer edge of the instrument. To measure the Sun's position during the day, the astrolabe was held below the waist and the alidade was adjusted so that a beam of sunlight passed through the top pinhole onto the bottom one.
Small holes in the astrolabe are looked through at stars, and then the
Crostaff:
What is it:
The cross-staff was a navigational tool used to measure the angle between the horizon and a celestial body such as the sun or stars. By knowing this angle, a navigator could then determine his latitude and direction.
Crostaff:
When invented:
1342 invented.
Crostaff:
How does it work:
A navigator would hold it near his eye, and take measurements to determine altitude. By knowing the altitude, the navigator could then determine latitude and, eventually, longitude
ANCODS agreement
The ANCODS (Agreement between Australia and the Netherlands Concerning Old Dutch Shipwrecks) collection consists of artefacts recovered from the four Dutch East India Company ships that sank along the Western Australian coast in the 17th and 18th centuries.
first signed 1972
Agreement between australia and netherlands for australia to care for the dutch wrecks in australia.
What does SWATH stand for?
Small-Waterplane-Area Twin Hull
Note
Flashcard