AP Bio Summer Review

state the levels of organization from largest to smallest

• biosphere

• ecosystem

• community

• species

• population

• multicellular organism

• organ system

• organ

• tissue

• cell

• molecule

• atom

what are atoms made of

protons, neutrons, and electrons

what charge does a proton have

positive

what charge does an electron have

negative

what charge does a neutron have

neutral

what is an element

a type of ‘atom’ that has specific properties/ characteristics

what is the nucleus of an atom made of

protons and neutrons

where are electrons found

outside the nucleus

define an atom

the smallest unit of an element that still keeps the properties of said element

define a compound

a substance made from two or more different elements

what are the four groups of molecules that mainly make up living things

• proteins

• lipids

• carbs

• nucleic acids

define biome

a group of related ecosystems

define molecule

a group of atoms covalently bonded together

proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids are also known as…..

the organic macromolecules

what is the monomer for proteins

amino acids

what is the monomer for lipids

no true monomer (because fatty acids)

what is the monomer for carbs

monosaccharides

what is the monomer for nucleic acids

nucleotides

what is the function of a protein

to preform almost all cell functions

what is the function(s) of a lipid

• energy source

• energy storage

• insulation

what are the function(s) of carbs

• energy source

• energy storage

what is the function of nucleic acids

store genetic information

what are the three domains of life

• bacteria

• archea

• eukaryotes

define bacteria

single celled prokaryotes whose cell walls contain peptidoglycam

define archea

single celled prokaryotes whose cell walls do not contain peptidoglycam

define eukaryote

organism whose cells have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

what species fall into the category of eukaryotes

• animals

• fungi

• plants

• protists

what is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes do not have any membrane bound organelles and are always part of unicellular organisms, whereas eukaryotic cells contain membrane bound organelles and make up uni and muticellular organisms

define prokaryote

single celled organisms whose cells lack both a nucleus and membrane bound organelles

true or false prokaryotes have a cell membrane but not a cell wall

false, prokaryotes have both a cell wall and a cell membrane

true or false eukaryotic cells are bigger than prokaryotic cells

true

do plant cells have cell walls

yes

do animal cells have cell walls

no

do animal cells contain chloroplasts

no

what structures do all organisms have

all organisms are made of one or more cells and have DNA

what are the functions all living organisms preform

• reproduce

• use materials for energy

• have a life cycle

• respond to the environment

• maintain homeostasis

• evolve

what are the basic life processes

• digestion

• circulation/transport (moving substances around the body)

• respiration (making energy from food)

• synthesis (creating new molecules)

• homeostasis (maintaining a stable internal environment)

• secretion (putting substances out into the bloodstream

• excretion

• metabolism (the sum of all life processes occurring inside an organism)

autotrophs are also known as…..

producers

heterotrophs are also known as….

consumers

true or false heterotrophs can produce their own food

false

define photosynthesis

the process that plants undergo to produce food from sunlight

define respiration

the process that all organisms preform to convert the energy in nutrients into atp which the cells need to preform

true or false energy moves through ecosystems in a straight line

true

what happens as energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next

usable energy is lost and becomes heat

why is carbon so important for life

all life is carbon based. carbon is very versatile meaning it can form single double and triple bonds with other elements and form branching, ringed, and other shaped molecules. Carbon has specific properties that allow for the creation of complex molecules.

*go over basics of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycle

what are the 3 types of symbiotic relationships

• mutualism (both organisms benifit)

• commensalism (one organism benefits while the other is unaffected, ex. barnicals on a whale)

• parasitism (parasite benifits from living in or on a host organism while the organism suffers)

what are the stages of the cell cycle

• interphase

• prophase

• metaphase

• anaphase

• telophase

what do chromosomes look like while in interphase

uncondensed, jumbled mess

what do chromosomes look like while in prophase

chromatin condenses into visible chromosomes

what do chromosomes look like while in metaphase

chromosomes line up down the metaphase plate and the spindle fibers are connected to the chromosomes near the middle of them

what do chromosomes look like while in anaphase

sister chromatids separate and are pulled into opposite poles of the cell

what do chromosomes look like while in telophase

two nuclear envelopes reform and cytokinesis begins, two newly forming cells begin to separate

what is the difference between mitosis and meiosis

mitosis is the division of body cells while meiosis produces gametes. mitosis produces two identical daughter cells and meiosis produces four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell