CPL MT 1&2

1996

When was the "Responsible Care" initiative adopted by the Chemical Industries Association of the Philippines (SPIK)?

1995

the year when the Philippine Mining Act was passed

2017

the year when it was revealed that the chemical industry was the third-largest manufacturing subsector in the country, contributing an estimated 11% to the manufacturing value added

2015

When did the chemical industry's revenues reach $7.6 billion, marking a 7% increase from 2010?

Chemical Process Laboratory

the starting point where new ideas are born and tested on a small, controlled scale

Chemical Process Technology

the bridge between the lab and the factory

Chemical Process Industry

refers to the entire sector of the economy that uses chemical processes to create products

Industry

the final destination for a successful process, where the technology is implemented to produce goods for consumers and other businesses

Chemical Technology

the practical application of chemical engineering principles to produce chemicals on an industrial scale

Inorganic Chemical Technology

a type of chemical technology that primarily deals with the production of non-carbon-based compounds

Organic Chemical Technology

a type of chemical technology that focuses on carbon-based compounds

Natural Product Industries

an industry under organic chemical technology that processes naturally occurring materials

Synthetic Organic Chemical Industries

an industry under organic chemical technology that creates new, synthetic compounds

Chemical Plant

a combination of various physical and chemical transformations designed to convert raw materials into final products

Unit Operations

are physical or mechanical changes that alter a material's state, but not its chemical composition

Unit Processes

are chemical changes that transform one substance into another through a chemical reaction

Upstream Processes (Pre-processing)

a stage in the overall plant layout involved in preparing the raw materials for reaction, primarily through various unit operations

Reaction

the heart of the plant, where the chemical transformation (unit process) occurs to create the desired products

Downstream Processes (Post-processing)

the final stage in the overall plant layout that focuses on separating and purifying the final products from the reaction mixture, typically using a combination of unit operations

Edible Oils

a product under the oil and fats industry that is naturally occurring, and has long-chain fatty acids and their esters, such as glycerides

Essential Oils

a product under the oil and fats industry that is known for its pleasant odor, and is widely used in cosmetics, perfume, soaps, and medicine

Soaps and Detergents Industry

an industry based on the principles of colloidal chemistry that produces compounds used for cleanliness and industrial surface-active applications

Soaps

are compounds of the type R-COOM, where R-COO is a fatty acid radical derived from sources like oleic, stearic, palmitic, lauric, and myristic acids

Detergents

are synthetic organic chemicals designed to lower surface tension more effectively than soaps

Sugar and Starch Industry

the industry's products are carbohydrates

Carbohydrates

are naturally occurring organic compounds with a combination of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, in a ration similar to water

Sugar

common products are sucrose and dextrose

Starch

commonly produced from maize kernels to produce derivatives such as dextrin, dialdehyde starch, and starch phosphates

Fermentation Industry

this industry uses specific microorganisms to act on a substrate to produce a desired chemical compound

Pulp and Paper Industry

the industry that produces pulp, which is a commercial cellulose derived from sources like bamboo, bagasse, and wood, using mechanical and chemical methods

Petroleum

a fossil fuel formed millions of years ago from organic marine deposits in anaerobic conditions

Petrochemicals

are chemical compounds derived, either partially or entirely, from petroleum or natural gas hydrocarbons(HCs)

Methane and Synthesis Gas

C1 compounds under petrochemical products

Ethylene and Acetylene

C2 compounds under petrochemical products

Propylene

C3 compounds under petrochemical products

Butanes and Butenes

C4 compounds under petrochemical products

Benzene, Toluene, Xylene

aromatics under petrochemical products

"true rubber"

a polymeric elastomer that can elongate by at least 200% and rapidly return to its original dimensions

Polymers

are large molecules composed of repeated basic units called monomers

Alkylation

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of an alkyl radical (like CH3) to a molecule

Amination by Ammonolysis

a unit process in OCT where a halogenated hydrocarbon reacts with ammonia to form an amine

Ammonoxidation

a unit process in OCT where alkene, ammonia, and oxygen react to form a nitrile and water

Amination by Reduction

a unit process in OCT where a nitro compound is reduced to an amine using hydrogen

Carbonylation

a unit process in OCT where a molecule reacts with carbon monoxide

Condensation

a unit process in OCT where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, often with the elimination of a small molecule like water

Cracking or Pyrolysis

a unit process in OCT that involves the breakdown of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller, more valuable ones using heat

Cyanidation or Cyanation

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of hydrogen cyanide to a molecule

Cyclization

a unit process in OCT that involves the formation of a ring structure from a linear molecule, often with the loss of hydrogen

Dehydration

a unit process in OCT that involves the removal of a water molecule from a compound

Dehydrogenation

a unit process in OCT that involves the removal of hydrogen molecule from a compound

Diazotization

a unit process in OCT where an amine reacts with nitrous acid and a mineral acid to form a diazonium salt

Coupling

a unit process in OCT where a diazonium compound reacts with another aromatic compound

Disproportionation

a unit process in OCT where a molecule is both oxidized and reduced simultaneously

Esterification

a unit process in OCT where an alcohol reacts with a carboxylic acid to form an ester and water

Halogenation

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of a halogen atom to a molecule

Hydration

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of a water molecule to a compound, typically across a double bond

Hydroformylation (Oxo Process)

a unit process in OCT where an alkene reacts with carbon monoxide and hydrogen to form an aldehyde

Hydrogenation

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of hydrogen to a molecule, typically to reduce a double or triple bond

Hydrolysis

a unit process in OCT that involves the cleavage of a chemical bond by the addition of water

Hydroxylation

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of a hydroxyl group (-OH) to a molecule

Isomerization

a unit process in OCT that involves the rearrangement of atoms within a molecule to form an isomer

Oligomerization

a unit process in OCT that involves the combination of a few monomer molecules to form a larger molecule called an oligomer

Oxidation

a unit process in OCT that involves the addition of oxygen to a compound or the removal of hydrogen from it

Addition Polymerization

a unit process in OCT where monomers with double bonds link together without the loss of any atoms, forming a long polymer chain

Condensation Polymerization

a unit process in OCT where monomers link together by splitting off small molecules such as water, ammonia, formaldehyde, or sodium chloride

Sulfonation

a unit process in OCT that involves the introduction of a sulfonic acid group (-SO3H) to a molecule

Thionation

a unit process in OCT that involves the introduction of sulfur into an organic molecule

Size Reduction

a unit operation that reduces large solid particles into smaller ones

Size Enlargement

the process of combining small particles into larger, more stable masses or aggregates

Solid-Solid Separation

a unit operation used to separate mixtures of solid particles based on a physical property

Mixing and Agitation

a unit operation used to achieve a homogeneous mixture or enhance mass and heat transfer

Petroleum Crude

is a primary source of energy and serves as the basic raw material for a significant portion of the synthetic organic chemical industry

n-Paraffins (Normal Alkenes)

are straight-chain saturated hydrocarbons, which make up a major fraction of petroleum crudes, especially in the C1 and C40 range

Isoparaffins (Branched Alkanes)

are branched-chain hydrocarbons that do not occur naturally to a great extent

Isomers

compounds with the same chemical formula but different structural arrangements

Naphthenes (Cycloalkanes)

are saturated cyclic compounds that are the second most abundant series in crudes

Aromatic or Benzene Series

are present in small amounts in crude oil

Asphalts

are complex, low-value materials consisting of colloids of asphaltenes and resins in oil

Asphaltenes

brownish-black solids that are soluble in aromatic solvents but not in paraffins

Resins

highly adhesive, brown semi-solids with a lower molecular weight than asphaltenes but a similar chemical composition

Sulfur

a particularly important heteroatom in petroleum crudes and refinery products

Paraffin-base

a type of crude oil that is predominantly composed of open-chain compounds, which yields low-grade gasoline and waxy lubricating oils

Naphthene-base

a type of crude oil that is predominantly composed of cyclic compounds

Intermediate-base

a type of crude oil that contains significant quantities of both paraffinic and naphthenic compounds, which produces both wax and asphalt

Reserves

are the known quantity of crude petroleum that has been identified and is available for future processing

Sensitive Gas Chromatography

a technique under crude exploration methods used to detect very low concentrations of hydrocarbons in soil and air

Microbial Analysis

the presence of hydrocarbon-oxidizing microbiological flora in water wells is often evidence of hydrocarbon deposits

Radioactive Isotopic Exchange

a lower C14 assay in rock deposits can indicate areas where gaseous hydrocarbons are seeping to the surface

Seismic Surveys

an extensive method under crude exploration that measures shock wave patterns to characterize geological strata

Air Surveys

an extensive method under crude exploration, where low-flying planes (250-300kph) with magnetometers are used for magnetic surveys, which can detect variations in rock types

Scintillation Counter

an extensive method under crude exploration, used for radioactivity surveys to identify certain geological formations associated with oil

Sonic and Ultrasonic Probing

an intensive method under crude exploration performed during core sampling to measure rock porosity, an important factor in reservoir quality

Neutron Reflecting Measures

an intensive method under crude exploration where a scintillation detector is used to measure neutron reflections, which increase in the vicinity of hydrocarbons

Natural Gas

consists largely of methane (CH4) with some ethane (C2)

Light Gas

compounds like C1 and C2 separated from the distillation of crude

Off-gas

produced from petroleum conversion operations at the refinery, containing gases like H2, H2S, SO2, C1, and C2

LPG

a mixture of propane and butane that is liquefied and used for domestic fuel, "winterizing" gasoline, or for making synthesis gas

Petrol

the principal refinery product, specifically formulated for piston engines and gas turbines to meet strict combustion requirements

Engine Knocking

occurs when some of the fuel-air mixture spontaneously ignites ahead of the flame front, creating high-frequency pressure waves that cause parts of the engine to vibrate

Octane Number

a parameter used to characterize the antiknock properties of a fuel