behavioral science chapter 11 mcat

functionalism

focuses on the function of each component of society and how those components fit together(two types;manifest and latency)

manifest functions

deliberate actions that serve to help a given system

latent functions

unexpected, unintended, or unrecognized positive consequences of manifest functions

conflict theory

focuses on how power differentials are created and how these differentials contribute to the maintenance of social order

symbolic interactionism

the study of the ways individuals interact through shared understandings of words, gestures, and other symbols

rational choice theory

states that individuals will make decisions that maximize potential benefit and minimize potential harm

exchange theory

applies rational choice theory within social groups

feminist theory

critiques the institutional power structures that disadvantage women in society

social institutions

well established social structures that dictate certain patterns of behavior or relationships and are accepted as a fundamental part of culture. Common examples are family, education, religion, government and the economy, and health and medicine

beneficence

acting in the patient’s best interest

nonmaleficence

avoiding treatments for which risk is larger than benefit

respect for autonomy

respecting patient’s right to make decisions about their healthcare

justice

treating similar patins similarly and distributing healthcare resources fairly

culture

encompasses the lifestyle of a group of people and includes both material and symbolic elements

material culture

includes the physical items one associates with a given group such as artwork, emblems, clothing, food, jewelry, and tools

symbolic culture

includes the ideas associated with a culture group

cultural lag

refers to the idea that material culture changes more quickly and symbolic culture

cultural barrier

social difference that impedes interaction

value

what a person deems important in life

belief

something a person considers to be true

ritual

formalized ceremonial behavior in which members of a group regularly engage. It is governed by specific rules, including appropriate behavior and a predetermined order to events

norms

societal rules that determine the boundaries of acceptable behavior

demographics

statistics of populations and are the mathematical applications of sociology. One can analyze hundreds of demographics variables; some of the most common are age, gender, race and ethnicity, sexual orientation, and immigration status

ageism

prejudice or discrimination on the basis of a person’s age

gender

the set of behavioral, cultural, or physiological traits typically associated with someones sex

race

social construct based on phenotypic differences between groups of people (real or perceived differences)

immigration

movement into a new geographic area

emigration

movement away from a geographic area

fertility rate

average number of children born to a woman over a lifetime in a population

birth rate

number of births per 1000 people per year

mortality rate

average number of deaths per 1000 per year

migration

the movement of people from one geographic location to another

demographic transition

model used to represent drops in birth and death rates as result of industrialization