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Biotic resources
are those that are sourced from the biosphere - organic and living parts of the Earth. (e.g., animals, forests, agricultural products, and fossil fuels).
Abiotic resources
are those that are sourced from the non-organic and non-living parts of the Earth (e.g., fresh water, air, land, and minerals).
Renewable resources
are those that can replenish naturally after human use (e.g., forests, animal populations, and biofuels).
Non-renewable resources
are those that do not replenish naturally after human use (e.g., minerals, and fossil fuels).
Flow resources
are those that are neither renewable or non-renewable and are not exhausted by human use (e.g., solar energy, tidal energy, and wind)
Subsistence farming
Small Scale production of crops and raising of livestock to meet the immediate needs of families. Most common in LEDCs.
Cash cropping
Agricultural activities that aim to produce food for the purpose of selling it to others. This often involves selecting specific crops that can produce the greatest return on investment and, thus, greatest profit
Intensive farming
High yield farming that occurs on relatively small amounts of land.
Extensive farming
Low yield farming that occurs on relatively large amounts of land.
Biotechnology
The application of biological processes for agricultural purposes, which can improve output (e.g., genetically modified organisms).
Monoculture
Agriculture in which a single crop is planted in a large area (e.g., wheat fields in the Prairie region of Canada).
Corporate farming
Large scale food production industry that is owned and operated by corporations. These corporations often produce the inputs required for agriculture (e.g., fertilizers, seeds, machinery)
Land degradation
the deterioration of the productive capacity of soil for either present orfuture use. In other words, it becomes harder to use soil to meet our needs.
Erosion
refers to the removal of the nutrient-rich layer of topsoil by either wind or water.
Chemical deterioration
refers to the breakdown of soil as a result of leaching, salinization, acidification, or pollution.
Physical deterioration
When the land is degraded due to compaction, waterlogging, or Subsidence.
Desertification
occurs when human activities reduce the productivity of arid or semi-arid areas to the point where it resembles a desert. In other words, poor management of the land results in a loss of fertile soil.
Arable land
also known as fertile soil. contains a thick humus layer (decomposed organic matter high in nutrients) and produces better conditions for plant growth
Arid regions
areas that receive less than 250mm of rain annually
Semi-arid regions
areas that receive between 250-500 mm of rain annually.
Tropical regions
areas that receive great amounts of rainfall.
Terrain deformation
a change in the physical landscape caused by natural or human forces.
Leaching
Involves nutrients in soil being washed away or dissolved as a result of too much run-off. This can occur almost anywhere, but is most common in tropical areas.
Salinization
Involves an increase in the salt content of soil to the point where soil becomes toxic and unable to support plant growth
Acidification
Involves the acid content of soil increasing as a result of overuse of fertilizers or due to poor drainage.
Pollution
Involves pollution from industrial emissions or liquid or solid waste that can damage soil or seep into water sources.
Deforestation
When land is cleared for timber or more usually agricultural use the soilis exposed to erosion. This is particularly damaging in tropical area with higherannual precipitation
Overgrazing
When too many livestock cattle, sheep, or goats graze on a particulararea destroying the vegetation and exposing the soil to erosion
Overuse of natural vegetation
When people strip the natural vegetation of an area for fuel and building materials leading to erosion.
Urban/Industrial pollution
When the productive capacity of soil is reduced by pollution so that it is unusable for farming.
Urbanization and urban sprawl
When expanding towns and cities take over more land that had been used as form land as well as wildlife habitat.
Food security
having reliable access to adequate amounts of food in order to maintain one’s health.
Chronic hunger
People are said to experience this when an insecure supply of food occurs over a long period of time. This affects hundreds of millions of people around the world and causes more deaths than famine.
Groundwater
An important source of water resources
Aquifier
this is water that has filtered down through the soil and by the force of gravity is pushed into cavities, fissures in the rock and loose sediments found underground.
Open aquifier
is open to water percolating down from above.
Closed aquifier
is surrounded on top and bottom by impermeable rock.
Fossil water
fell as rain thousands of years ago before the aquifer was closed by geologic activity
Water security
adequate quantities of acceptable quality water for sustaining livelihoods and human well-being
Alternative energy sources
sources of energy that are developed to avoid or lessen the impact of fossil fuel use.
Troposphere
This is the layer of atmosphere that most concerns us, which varies in thickness from 9 to 16 kilometres. It is here that weather occurs and most air pollution is found.
Carbon source
is anything that provides additional carbon to the atmosphere, for example, when the vegetation in a swamp decomposes and gives off methane.
Carbon sink
exists when carbon is removed from the atmosphere for a relatively short time, for example, when you plant a tree that takes up carbon as it grows.
Fixed carbon
is any carbon that has been removed from the atmosphere for a very long time.
Climate change
The greatest atmospheric issue our planet is facing.
Global warming
is an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and oceans.
atmospheric carbon dioxide
increased from 280 parts per million in 1800 to 400 parts per million in 2012, a 43% increase over 200 years. This is directly a result of burning fossil fuels.
Greenhouse effect
This increase in CO2 gas increases the ________ and leads to increases in global temperature.
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases
These gases are released by human activity.
Paris conference
has set out the following goal to limit global temperature rise to less than 2 C to prevent most of the effects of climate change.
Cap and trade system
A method for reducing greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions by encouraging producers to sell carbon credits that they do not use
Carbon tax
A method for reducing greenhouse gas (GhG) emissions by taxing products and services based on their total carbon emissions.
Geo-engineering
A term used to describe technological responses to the problems of climate change.
Biomass
organic matter used as a fuel, especially in a power station for the generation of electricity.
Solar energy
The energy derived from the sun in the form of light and heat.
Wind power
a renewable energy source that utilizes the kinetic energy of moving air (wind) to generate electricity or mechanical power.
Geothermal energy
Heat from the Earth's interior, a renewable energy source derived from the Earth's core and mantle.
Hyrdicity
An energy system based on the production and consumption of hydrogen and electricity.