usp 1 final exam

what is redlining?

a 1930s FHA/HOLC policy that graded neighborhoods by “risk”, denying loans to black and immigrant areas and creating long-term racial segregation

what was the goal of the fair housing act of 1968? was it effective?

to eliminate housing discrimination based on race, color, religion, national origin. difficult to enforce because there was no real way of proving discriminatory intent.

what is urban renewal?

mid-2th century programs that demolished blighted neighborhoods to build highways, hospitals, stadiums, etc.

what is ronek park?

a post wwii suburban development explicitly marked non-discriminatory (poorer conditions than white-only suburbs, but still inclusive)

what is the colorado river compact (1922)

agreement dividing colorado river among states, ignoring native rights and ecological limits

what is eminent domain?

government power to take private land for public use with “just ocmpensation”

what is manifest destiny?

the belief that white americans were destined to expand west and control land/resourceswhat

what does manifest destiny justify historically?

indigenous displacement, resource control, logic behind modern water politics

what was the navajo generating station and why was its closure significant?

a coal plant on navajo land that closed in 2019, raising unresolved questions of water rights and tribal control

what is gentrification?

displacement of existing communities (often deemed blighted due to disinvestment) by the in-migration of wealthier classes for revitalization

what is the GI bill and what was its inequality?

provided low-cost home loans, education benefits to white veterans. black veterans were often denied benefits (not from the bill itself, but from its implementation)

what is the main idea of “there goes the neighborhood” in barrio america: how latino immigrants saved the american city by a.k. sandoval and what themes are present?

latino immigrants kept u.s. cities alive during white flight by revitalizing neighborhoods and businesses. themes: immigration, suburbanization, deindustrialization

what is the main idea of “black, brown, and green: the persistent effect of race in home mortgage lending” in race and real estate by georgette chapman philips? what are these patterns a reflection of?

race still strongly shapes who gets home loans, with black, brown, and latino borrowers facing higher denial rates and worse loan terms. shaped by a legacy of redlining, segregation, and unequal suburban access

what is the main idea of “home appraised with black owner: $472,000. with white owner: $750,000” nyt article by connolly?

shows how racism persists in housing market even after laws ban discrimination. bias contributes to racial wealth gaps and reinforces segregation as undervalued homes limit mobility and investment in black neighborhoods

what is the main idea of “navajo generating station closure leaves questions of water ownership” az mirror article by parker shea and what themes are present?

plant closure revived disputes over tribal water rights, navajo nation seeks rightful control. themes of manifest destiny, sunbelt cities

what is the main idea of “shade” by sam bloch?

shade is a form of environmental privilege. low-income and minority communities lack cooling infrastructure

what is the main idea of roger & me (1989)? what themes are present?

plant closures in flint led to mass unemployment, poverty, evictions, crime, community breakdown while the corporation remained detached and wealthy. themes of deindustrialization → decline → sets stage for gentrification

what is the main idea of oral history project: eugene burnett?

black wwii veteran denied GI bill benefits and housing in levittown, reveals structural racism in postwar suburbanization despite federal policies

what is the main idea of chinatown (1974)?

water theft, political corruption, struggle for control of natural resources that shape cities. shows how the logic of manifest destiny applies to water

what is the main idea of priced out: portland’s history of segregation and redlining?

black portlanders were pushed into albina through racist laws, redlining, and urban renewal → later pushed out by gentrification, rising rents, displacement

what is the main idea of the city (1939) and what themes are present?

industrial pollution vs ideal of planned, green, family-friendly suburbs. themes of industrialization → planning → suburbanization

what is the main idea of the house we live in (from race: power of an illusion) nad what policies does it discuss?

race is socially created and enforced through law, housing policy, and citizenship rules. discusses FHA, HOLC, GI bill

how did immigration shape cities?

created diverse working-class neighborhoods, later tied to suburbanization and racial hierarchies

what did industrialization do to cities?

created dense working districts, pollution, class segregation

what happened during deindustrialization?

factories closed, jobs disappeared, cities declined

why did sunbelt cities grow?

postwar migration, cheap land, federal investment in highways

how did suburbanization shape inequality?

FHA and GI bill helped white families move out of cities into suburbs, nonwhite families excluded

what forces shaped housing and city organization patterns?

redlining → urban renewal → gentrification

explain how immigration → industrialization → urban inequality

shaped from early 1900s european immigration and racial hierarchy

• immigrants fill factories → racial sorting begins (courts decide who is “white) → black, mexican, and asian workers get poorest jobs → industrial cities form segregated, crowded neighborhoods → foundation for later redlining

explain how fha/holc → redlining → segregated neighborhoods

fha/holc risk maps label minority areas “hazardous”

• redlining excludes black/immigrant communities from loans → white suburbs receive federal support → wealth gap begins as white suburban communities form

explain how wwii migration → GI bill → suburbanization

war job boom pulls people into cities → GI bill gives low-cost mortgages (but only white-only in practice) → suburbs expand → cities decline

explain how industrial shift (1950s-1970s) → urban renewal and eminent domain

blighted areas targeted for redevelopment → highways, hospitals, colleges bulldoze black neighborhoods → eminent domain used to seize land

explain how deindustrialization (1970s-1990s) → job loss → urban decline

factories close → mass unemployment

housing values fall → disinvestment → setup for gentrification

what terms connect to immigration?

• redlining – immigrants in “undesirable” areas got coded as “risky”

• manifest destiny – shaped who was considered “fit” for the nation

• GI bill – immigrants-turned-“white ethnics” received housing support, while nonwhite immigrants/veterans didn’t

• gentrification – immigrant neighborhoods later become targets for redevelopment

what readings connect to immigration?

• there goes the neighborhood (sandoval) - latino immigrants revived declining us neighborhoods

• black, brown, and green (philips) - immigrants often placed in same disinvested areas as black residents due to lending discrimination

what films connect to immigration?

• roger & me (1989) - immigrant labor built industrial cities

• the city (1939) - praises early immigrant craftsmanship, then shows industrial crowding

• house we live in - courts decided who counted as “white”; immigrant groups gained whiteness over time

what terms connect to industrialization?

• redlining - industrial districts deemed “hazardous”

• urban renewal - old industrial neighborhoods targeted for clearance

• eminent domain - used to replace factories/worker housing w highways

• gentrification - post-industrial areas later redeveloped

what readings connect to industrialization?

• shade (bloch) - environmental inequality traces back to industrial pollution patterns

• black, brown, and green (philips) - historic industrial cities became mortgage “risk zones”

• nyt appraisal article (connolly) - undervaluing old industrial neighborhoods with minority residents

what films connect to industrialization?

• the city (1939) - celebrates early factory order, then critiques industrial pollution

• roger & me - industrial boom shapes flint’s early growth

• priced out - albina’s industrial-era disinvestment set up later gentrification

what terms connect to deindustrialization?

• gentrification - happens after deindustrialization, separation of classes/ethnic groups

• urban renewal - cities clear blighted former industrial neighborhoods

• redlining - made industrial neighborhoods poor and vulnerable before closure

what readings connect to deindustrialization?

• there goes the neighborhood (sandoval) - immigrants fill empty, disinvested spaces

• black, brown, and green (philips) - deindustrialized areas became hotspots for predatory lending

• nyt appraisal article (connolly) - undervaluation reinforces inequalities after jobs leave

what films connect to deindustrialization?

• roger & me (1989) - blueprint for urban decline

• priced out - albina’s poverty makes it ripe for investor takeover

• the city (1939) - early warning that cities can collapse without humane design

what terms connect to sunbelt cities?

• colorado river compact - allocates water enabling sunbelt growth

• navajo generating station - powers phoenix, vegas; sunbelt boom built on indigenous water

• manifest destiny - ideological ancestor of sunbelt expansion

what readings connect to sunbelt cities?

• navajo generating station article (shea) - sunbelt cities depend on navajo nation water/energy

• shade - heat vulnerability is worst in newer, sprawling sunbelt metros

what films connect to sunbelt cities?

• chinatown (1974) - sunbelt-style water theft; LA expansion built on water control

what terms connect to suburbanization and ethnic communities?

• GI bill - subsidized white suburbanization

• ronek park - one of the few “open” suburbs; burnett’s experience

• redlining - kept minorities confined to urban cores

• fair housing act of 1968 - attempted (but failed) to open suburbs

what readings connect to suburbanization and ethnic communities?

• black, brown, and green (philips) - mortgage discrimination preserved segregated suburbs

• nyt appraisal article (connolly) - appraisals show continued suburban bias

• there goes the neighborhood (sandoval) - latino neighborhoods fill gaps as suburbs siphon investment

what films connect to suburbanization and ethnic communities?

• oral history: eugene burnett - white families get levittown, black families don’t

• priced out - black portland pushed out of inner city, then out of suburbs

• the house we live in - FHA and HOLC built the white suburbs

what terms connect to housing and city organization patterns?

• redlining - blueprint for urban segregation

• urban renewal - reorganizes cities by demolishing minority areas

• eminent domain - tool used to take those lands

• gentrification - reshuffles residents again

• fair housing act - tries to fix the mess

what readings connect to housing and city organization patterns?

• black, brown, and green (philips) - how mortgage structures shape spatial inequality

• nyt appraisal article (connolly) - appraisals as structural racism

• shade (bloch) - land-use decisions create heat inequality

• there goes the neighborhood (sandoval) - immigrant neighborhoods shaped by design

what films connect to housing and city organization patterns?

• priced out - perfect housing pattern case study

• the city (1939) - blueprint for ideal urban layouts

• roger & me - shows what happens when planning collapses