The Age of Exploration and the Scientific Revolution (Test Two) - Modern World History

Why did the scientific revolution happen?

The plague made people lose faith in the church, and therefore they started to question the teachings of the church and started to want to understand things through a scientific process. Humanism incites people to continue to understand the world around them.

What fields of science were there discoveries during this era?

Astronomy, chemistry, philosophy, physics, medicine

What did people believe in astronomy until the 1500s?

They accepted the Ptolemaic, geocentric model, which means that the Earth was at the center of the universe. This also coincided with the Christian belief that as God's greatest creation, everything should be about us.

Who came up with the heliocentric model, and what was it?

The sun is at the center of our solar system, Earth is one of many revolving planets.

Did people initially accept the heliocentric model?

No, and they called Copernicus a heretic because it was against church teachings.

What were the effects of Copernicus being right?

People were questioning everything that we knew about science because if Copernicus was right about something this big, what else was he right about?

Who was Tycho Brahe?

Studied universe and Copernican model, but died before his results which supported Copernicus were published.

Who ended up publishing Brahe's work?

Johannes Kepler

What were Kepler's three principles of planetary motion?

Planets have elliptical orbits, not circular. (Law of Orbits) A planet covers the same area of space in the same amount of time at any place in its orbit. (Law of Areas) Clear relationship between a planet's orbital speed and distance from the sun (Law of Periods).

What are two effects of the boom in scientific discovery?

Laws are created and proven by math, many go against church teaching, so belief in the church declines

Describe what Galileo Galilei did.

Designed the first telescope, found and named many things in the universe. Proves Kepler and Copernicus correct. He created the "Law of Falling Bodies" which states that if bodies have the same mass, in the absence of air resistance, all bodies fall with the same acceleration, independent of their mass.

What punishments did Galileo face because of this?

Threatened with excommunication. Put on trial. Forced into house arrest until he recants findings that contradict church. Did not leave his house again, bitter and unhappy death. Pardoned in 1992.

How do the age of discovery and the Scientific Revolution go hand in hand?

With all of these new discoveries, people wanted to learn and understand more, including they wanted to learn what was outside of the European continent.

Who was Huygens?

Dutch mathematician who studied physics and astronomy. Calculated numbers for laws of reflections and refractions, and proposed that light acted as waves. Huygens Principle: every point on a wavefront is itself the source of spherical wavelets, and the secondary wavelets emanating from different points mutually interfere. The sum of these spherical wavelets forms a new wavefront. Invented the pendulum clock.

Who was Descartes?

He was a mathematician and philosopher. He created the mind-body problem by proposing the question: Am I a mind with a body or a body with a mind? He used deductive reasoning which uses observations to create a theory. Additionally, his most famous quote was "I think, therefore I am," which he said that because he had doubt, he had to be a logical, reasoning being. He also created the coordinate plane (Cartesian Coordinate Plane).

Who was Sir Francis Bacon?

He was an English scientist and philosopher. He helped to create the original scientific method, and he used inductive reasoning which creates inferences based off of observations.

Who was Leeuwenhoek?

Considered the father of microbiology, he helped make the microscope much better and found protists and other microorganisms.

Who was Gilbert?

English scientist who was a man of science during Elizabeth's reign. He discovered the magnetism of the Earth and the compass's direction which reacts to the Earth's poles. He found that magnetic North and true North are different.

Who was Lavoisier?

He helped to discover the Law of Conservation of Mass and is labeled the "Father of Modern Chemistry." Concluded water was a compound, not an element.

Who was Vesalius?

He was in the field of anatomy and surgery. He was the first to discover true human anatomy. He made the first anatomy textbook and was a top surgeon at the time.

Who was Boyle?

Irish chemist who proposed that the volume of gas decreases with increasing pressure, and therefore theorized that the two are inversely related. (Boyle's Law) He discovered properties of air.

Who was Harvey?

Discovered blood circulation and the way blood flows through the body. He proved that blood constantly circulates and comes from the heart. He also discovered one-way valves. Considered the father of cardiac surgery and paved the way for transplants and artificial hearts.

Who was Newton?

English mathematician and physicist. Helps discover gravity, three laws of motion (f=ma, object in motion stays in motion, equal and opposite reaction). He was fundamental to modern physics

Why did spices become popular in Europe during the renaissance?

To make food taste better, to make preserved food taste better, there was more money able to buy spices.

Why did people sell spices?

To make more money, however European businessmen wanted to be more efficient and cut out the middleman

What inventions paved the way for the Age of Exploration to occur?

Sailing improvements (rutters, triangular sails, tacking), magnetic compass, the astrolabe and sextant, maps (mercator projection)

What were the ships used in the AOE?

Caravel ships, which had huge triangular sails, and the ability to weather storms. They could haul huge amounts of materials. Created by Portugal.

Who was the first exploring power and why?

Portugal, because it was closest to the ocean, furthest from the spices coming from Italy, had just conquered land in Northern Africa. Prince Henry "The Navigator" encourages exploration and builds sailing schools.

Who was Bartholomew Diaz?

He was the first person to get around the horn of Africa, renamed "Cape of Storms" to "Cape of Good Hope." (Portuguese)

Who was Vasco de Gama?

Reaches India and sets up spice trade for Portugal. Portugal becomes the first European global power with a massive spice trade network.

Why did Christopher Columbus, an Italian, explore for Spain?

Spain wants to compete with Portugal, and Columbus proposes a new way to get to India.

Why does Columbus believe he can go west?

He doesn't know about North America, but he does know the globe is circular.

Who was Amerigo Vespucci?

He discovered mainland American mainland (Florida), and Columbus is very mad that America is named after Amerigo.

Who was Magellan?

Finds "Strait of Magellan" to get past the new world to the Pacific. Killed by natives in the Philippines, but the crew is the first to circumnavigate the world. Portuguese, but mostly sailed for Spain.

Why do countries shift to land colonization as well as the spice trade?

To find other raw materials such as gold, to get more land (Age of Imperialism), to convert Natives to catholicism

Who was Balboa?

Discovered the Pacific Ocean, Spanish, explored Panama

Who was Cabot?

Italian, but sailed for England, claimed Canada and Newfoundland for Britain, establishes British Transatlantic trade

Who was Hudson?

English, tried to go North to England twice, went to Canada and Hudson bay, strait and river are named after him. Attempted to find the Northwest Passage.

What was the northwest passage, and does it exist?

It was a river route through America to get to the Indies, and no, at least not efficiently.

Who was Pizzaro?

Spanish, founded Peru, destroyed Incan Empire, contributed to Spanish Dominance

Who was Cortez?

He was Spanish, went to Mexico for gold and to convert people to Catholicism. Destroyed Aztec Empire because they thought he was Quetzeqotl. It was a few hundred vs thousands.

Who was James Cook?

He was a British explorer, well educated, mapped Oceana coastline, explored Canada, Circumnavigated globe, British settlement of Australia and New Zealand. Found new species of plants. First European to discover and sail below Antarctic Circle

Who was Vespucci?

Born Italian, sailed Spanish. Explored Mexico and N.A. Found mouth of Amazon river, sailed the tip of South America, responsible for calling it the new world. His third voyage was for Portugal.

Who was Cartier?

Found St. Laurance River, wanted Gold, Spices, and to find Northern Passage. Maps Southern Canada, claims CA for France, helped give Canada its name. Found great lakes.

What is Mercantilism?

This basically means that wealth and money gives countries national prestige. Wealth from spices, gold, silver and other commodities and land gives power.

What were Spanish governors in the New World Called?

Viceroys

What were people who converted natives to catholicism called?

Jesuits. They also taught natives how to be like Europeans, and forced them to assimilate.

How did Spain regulate the economy of the New World?

Colonists could only export commodities to Spain and could import items needed to Spain. Spain turned into a monopoly. Makes $$ off colonies

What is the "New law of the Indies?"

Forbade colonists from using native people as slaves. This is to quell uprisings and create "positive" relationships with the natives. People circumnavigated this by the Encomienda system. Demanded labor from natives in return for schooling, food, housing etc. Makes it hard to say no

Why does the slave trade begin?

There is worker shortage due to "new law of the Indies" and so they must important African Slaves to make up this discrepancy. Forced to till farms that use sugar, tobacco and cotton. The middle passage is created.

What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Happened in 1491. Granted land in what is now Brazil (the watershed of the Amazon river). Pope is intermediary between Spain and Portugal because he seems powerful and impartial.

What is the name of Britain's first settlement?

Jamestown (in Virginia) in 1607. Fails due to poor location, but natives do teach about tobacco (popular in Europe).

What is the name of the first successful British colonists?

The pilgrims, who arrived in Plymouth Mass for religious freedom. Not looking for commercial profit. Responsible for Thanksgiving.

What is the makeup of the 13 colonies (what were they established for)?

Southern more for business, Northern for more religious reasons. Slavery needed for labor in the South.

What is imperialism?

Overseas land that is for the purpose of benefiting the Mother country. Eventually colonists want more power, leads to revolutions.

What was the first European Country to surpass Italy in wealth and power?

Portugal

Who was leader of the Aztecs when they were captured?

Montezuma

Who was leader of Incan empire when it fell?

Atahualpa

Knowledge of the body contradict this Greek scientist's thoughts?

Galen

What are the 7 steps of the Scientific Method?

Ask a question, research, Hypothesis, experiment, analyze, conclude, share

Explain Colombian Exchange?

An exchange between N. Africa, Europe and new world of slaves and commodities.

Who was Ambroise Pare?

French doctor who helped with the discovery of prosthetics and battlefield medicine.

How did the reformation lead to exploration?

They wanted to spread Catholicism to new lands so that Catholicism was widespread, not protestantism

Name of Native People Columbus encountered, and who was the priest on board?

De las casas, and the Arawaks

How did the Crusades impact Europe?

They introduced Europeans to many luxury goods through trade routes from Asia when the Mongol Empire united most of Asia

Moluccas

Chief source of spices were from the Moluccas, and island chain in present day Indonesia. Also known as Spice Islands

who controlled most of the trade between Asia and Europe?

Arabs and Italians

How did trade kick start European exploration?

Muslim traders brought spices and other goods to Mediterranean ports. From there, Italian traders carried them to European markets. Through each step, prices increased, and Europeans wanted to get rid of the middle man to make spices more affordable to get more profit. They decided to start looking for trade routes by sea, outside of the European continent

Why did Prince Henry want to conquer Africa?

He wanted to convert Africans to Christianity and believed he would find the sources of the gold that Muslim traders controlled. He also wanted an easier way to reach Asia that bypassed the Mediterranean.

Who changed the name to the Cape of Good Hope and why?

Originally called the Cape of Storms due to its turbulent seas, but Bartholomew Diaz renamed it because it opened the way for a trade route through the Indian Ocean to Asia

What were the names of Columbus’s ships?

The Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria

What did the Treaty of Tordesillas say?

Lands west of a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands would belong to Spain and least of a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verdes Islands would belong to Portugal

What were the causes for the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Columbus explored the Caribbean islands. Spain seeking wealth and power, claimed control of the islands. Portugal, with its own ambitions, disputed Spain’s claims. Aided by Pope Alexander IV, Spain and Portugal negotiated a treaty

What were the effects of the Treaty of Tordesillas?

Treaty favored Spain, most of Americas were west of the line. Spain claimed much of the Americas. Spanish colonies yielded incredible wealth for Spain, like silver and gold. Brazil became a Portuguese colony

What did people try to do to get to Asia after they found out about the Americas?

The English, Dutch, and French looked for a Northwest passage, or a route from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific through the Arctic Islands. It was unsuccessful

What did Magellan do?

Set out from Spain to find a way to reach the Pacific Ocean. In 1520, they entered a bay at the southern tip of South America, naming it the Strait of Magellan. He also named the sea the Pacific (orginally named the South sea by Balboa)

How did Balbia find the Pacific Ocean?

With help from the local Indians, he hacked a passage westward through the tropical forests of Panama. He found a huge body of water, naming it the South Sea (but it was the Pacific Ocean)

What was the Spanish Trade Network?

Spain conquered and colonized the Philippines and converted them all. It became a key link in Spain’s overseas trading empire. The Spanish shipped silver mined in Mexico and Peru (Which they had also conquered) to the Philippines. They used this silver to buy goods in China.

Which group of people did Columbus assault and kidnap?

The Taino people. They were friendly at first, but Columbus’s men assaulted the women and killed anyone who resisted. they forced them to get them a certain amount of gold and were punished if they were unable to

Cortez conquers Aztecs

• Landed in Mexico in 1519

• Montezuma didn’t want Cortez to come to the capital but thought he might be Quetzalcoatl, the Aztec god. 

• Started sending gifts goods with religious importance, but still didn’t want Cortez and his men to come

• Cortez became even more determined to come after he found the gold and silver ornament that Montezuma was sending him. 

• The Spanish people wanted to gain control of the Aztec’s riches, and captured Moctezuma so they could steal it. Forced Moctezuma to send over his land. 

• A new group of Spanish conquistadors came to challenge Cortez

• The natives, Cortez’s men, and the other group of Spanish men all fought for control. In this process, many spanish men died and so did Moctezuma

• In 1521, they finally captured and demolished the capital city and built Mexico city on its ruins

Pizarro conquers Incan

• Pizarro was inspired by Cortes and heard rumors about a rich empire in Peru with a lot of gold

• Atahualpa, the Incan ruler had just won the throne from his brother in a bloody civil war, so they were already weak when Pizarro and his men first came 

• They were also weak because of the sickness that spread from the Europeans to them

• Pizarro tried to convert Atahualpa to Christianity, but he refused 

• Pizarro tricked him that he was just having a meeting, but with the help of the Indian allies, took the emperor prisoner and kidnapped a bunch of the Incas

• They executed Atahualpa a few months late

Spain’s Monopoly:

Spain regulated its trade to make the empire more profitable. They made it so that colonists could only ship valuable materials (silver and gold) to Spain, and could only buy Spanish goods. Laws forbade colonists from trading with other European countries or even Spanish colonies. Because of this, everyone came to Spain for resources, and Spain became a monopoly, making a lot of money

What led to Encomienda System:

• When sugar cane became introduced to the West Indies, it became a profitable resource. 

• However, large plantations that grew sugar cane needed large numbers of workers to be profitable

• This led to the Encomienda System, where the Spanish monarchs granted the colonists the right to demand labor from the natives

• They forced them to work under brutal conditions, to find gold and people who refused or were unable to were severely punished

New Law of the Indies

• Bartolomé de Las Casas was not happy with this, and sent vivid reports to Spain on the atrocities going on

• Spain passed the New Law of the Indies in 1542, which forbade the colonists from enslaving and abusing the natives

• However, Spain was too far away to enforce anything, and the colonists found a loophole around this

• They forced the natives to become peons, workers forced to labor in order to pay off debt. The landlords with give them food, shelter, education etc that the natives could never pay off in a lifetime, causing them to continue working

Slave Trade from Africa

• However, the New Law of the Indies did shorten the number of laborers, so Las Casas urged the colonists to get slaves from Africa

• Slaves were brought over by slave traders, who took resources from the Americas in exchange

• The slave traders took these resources to Europe, which manufactured them

• Then they took the manufactured resources back to Africa in return for more slaves

• Slaves from Africa were brought to the New World through the Middle Passage

• Triangular Trade route

What did heliocentric replace?

Ptolemeic system

First to circumnavigate around the globe

Magellan

Law of Falling Bodies

two objects will fall at the same rate and hit the ground at the same time regardless of their mass, unless there is another force acting upon them (like air resistance)

Copernicus was proved right by who and what laws?

Kepler and his 3 laws of planetary motion

Who is the father of modern human anatomy, and who did he replace

vesalius, replaced Galen

Who was the father of microbiology and what invention did he create

Leeuwenhoek, invented the microscope

What is Boyle’s law

volume of a gas decreases with increasing pressure and vice versa

Which Greek invention did the compass replace?

The astrolabe, which was a device that displayed latitude, time of day and year, and calculated someone’s position on earth. used for making astronomical measurements and navigation

Who helped create the compass and what did they do?

Gilbert, discovered the magnetism of the Earth and the compass's direction which reacts to the Earth's poles. He found that magnetic North and true North are different.

What is the Law of Conservation of Mass and who created it?

Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions, found by Lavoisier

What is Descarte’s famous quote, and what does it mean?

“I think, therefore I am” meaning that because you can question whether or not you exist, then you do exist

What scientific process did Descartes use?

Deductive reasoning, meaning that he used previous knowledge and process of elimination to come to scientific conclusions

What scientific process did Bacon use?

Inductive reasoning, meaning that he conducted experiments to prove scientific conclusions

How did the Protestant reformation influence the Scientific Revolution?

the plague made people question the church and look for answers that could be proved by science. Protestants were more accepting of scientific discoveries that disproved the Church teachings. Protestant teachings say that everyone can have their own interpretation of the bible and shouldn’t rely on the church for it, so it was up to them what to believe or not, and what they wanted answers for

Who conquered what empires in central/south America, and who was leading these empires?

Pizarro conquered the Incan empire, who was led by Atahualpa
Cortez conquered the Aztec empire, who was led by Moctezuma