Electrolyte Imbalances

Fluid Volume Deficit

A condition characterized by a decrease in blood volume and fluid levels in the body, often resulting from excessive loss of fluids through vomiting, diarrhea, or inadequate intake.

Fluid Volume Deficit Findings

thirst

dry mucous membranes

decreased skin turgor

weak and thready pulse

hypotension

decreased urine output

Fluid Volume Overload

A condition where there is an excess of fluid in the body. This can occur due to heart failure, kidney disease, or excessive fluid intake.

Fluid Volume Overload Findings

edema

weight gain

difficulty breathing (shortness of breath)

hypertension

bounding pulses

jugular vein distention

Hyponatremia Causes

include excessive fluid intake, heart failure, kidney disease, and medications that dilute sodium levels.

Hyponatremia Findings

include nausea, headache, lethargy, confusion, seizures, and in severe cases, coma.

Hypernatremia Causes

include dehydration, excessive sodium intake, diabetes insipidus, and certain medications.

Hypernatremia Findings

include thirst, dry mouth, agitation, confusion, muscle twitching, and in severe cases, seizures.

Hypokalemia Cause

includes inadequate dietary intake, gastrointestinal losses, renal losses, and certain medications.

Hypokalemia Findings

include muscle weakness, cramps, fatigue, palpitations, and constipation.

Hyperkalemia Cause

can be caused by factors such as renal failure, excessive potassium intake, and certain medications that disrupt potassium excretion.

Hyperkalemia Findings

Increased muscle weakness, palpitations, and EKG changes such as peaked T waves.

King’s Goal Attainment Theory

A nursing theory that focuses on the interpersonal process of patient-nurse interactions to achieve health goals through communication and collaboration.

Roy’s Adaptation Model

A nursing theory that emphasizes the adaptive responses of individuals to changes in their environment, promoting health and well-being through adaptation.

Goal Attainment Theory Principles

This theory stresses that effective communication and mutual goal-setting between nurses and patients are essential for achieving positive health outcomes.

Adaption Model Principles

This model highlights the importance of adapting to environmental changes through effective coping mechanisms to maintain health and well-being.