Anurans.

larger

voice

external, copulatory

adults

larvae

Characteristics unique to anurans:

* hind limbs are larger/smaller than front
* generally well-developed ________
* ___ __fertilization, no__ ____ organ
* ______ -- no lower teeth, broad skull w/ few bones
* _______ -- have internal gills, lack true teeth

tibia-fibula, radio-ulna

2 pairs of fused bones in the legs

urostyle

fused post-sacral vertebra

5-9

How many presacral vertebra do frogs usually have?

rainfall or temperature

Temperate anurans tend to breed seasonally, in response to _______ __or__ ________.

tropical

_____ anuarans are more likely to breed continuously or opportunistically.

reproductive mode

combo of ovipositional, developmental, and parental care factors that characterize a species

external

water

free-living (indirect)

Generalizations about anuran reproduction

* most have _______ fertilization
* most oviposit in ________
* most have ____-_____ __larvae (________ development)

\

direct development, live birth, complex parental care

3 deviations from general anuran reproduction

amplexus

embrace during mating that positions the male near the female to fertilize eggs

inguinal amplexus

ancestral amplexus condition in which the female is grasped around the pelvis (lower on the body)

axillary amplexus

more advanced amplexus condition in which the female is grasped around the shoulders

several

Oviposition away from water has evolved independently once/several times.

parental care

Oviposition away from water is often associated with _____ __.

direct

______ development is uncommon but appears in several families.

parental care

any behavior exhibited by a parent toward its offspring that increases the chances of survival of the offspring

fewer

Increased energy for parental care often leads to ___ _____.

terrestrial, direct

In amphibians, parental care is associated with a trend toward _____ __eggs with__ ___ development.

egg attendance

What is the most common form of parental care?

males

Which sex tends to exhibit more parental care?

carnivorous

herbivores or detritivores

All adult amphibians are _____, but frog tadpoles are almost always__ __ __or__ _______.

NEVER

Does paedomorphosis occur in frogs?

arciferal girdle

Which is the ancestral state: arciferal girdle or firmisternal girdle?

Archaeobatrachia

older suborder, more ancestral type frogs

Ascaphidae

Which family has the tailed frogs?

9

What number of presacral vertebra is ancestral?

just having ribs

What type of ribs is ancestral?

Bombinatoridae

Which frog family has broadly expanded transverse processes of sacral vertebrae?

Alytidae

Which family has the midwife toad?

Pipidae

Which family doesn’t have toes, but has “claws?” They also have the females that have eggs embedded in their back.

Rhinophrynidae

Which family has a unique protrusable tongue attached posteriorly (usually attached anteriorly)? They also have a terminal, tubular mouth, and spades on their feet.

Scaphiopodidae

Which family has the spadefoot toads? They also have 2 tadpole morphs: carnivore and omnivore

Bufonidae

Which family has the Bidder’s organ and a viviparous species?

Bidder’s organ

rudimentary ovary that becomes active if testes are removed

Hylidae

Which family has the “tree frogs”?

\

pointed, intercalary

Hylidae have ____ __or claw-shaped terminal phalanges and__ __________ elements between ultimate and penultimate phalanges, and toe pads!

intercalary elements

extra cartilage in the toes of Hylidae that is sometimes ossified

Hylidae

Which frog family has the most species?

Centrolenidae

Which family has the glass frogs?

Ceratophryidae

Which family has the “pac man frogs?”

Eleutherodactylidae

Which family has all direct developement and an egg tooth?

Rhinodermatidae

Which family has a fleshy proboscis on their snout?

Dendrobatidae

Which family has the neotropical poison dart frogs?

Ranidae

Which family has the “true frogs” and the only frogs in the Arctic Circle?

*Conraua goliath*

Which species is the largest frog species?

*Fejervarya cancrivora*

Which species can tolerate salty water?

Microhylidae

Which family has the smallest frogs?

*Paedophryne amuensis*

Which species is the smallest frog?

indirect

Which type of development is ancestral?

Ascaphidae

frog family without a tympanum

swallow

Myobatrachidae & Rhinodermatidae both _______ their young to rear them.

Bufonidae

frog family that has true live birth from the cloaca

Dicroglossidae

family specially adapted to life in salty water

Microhylidae

family with the world’s smallest frogs

arboreal

Rhacophoridae, Hylidae, & Centrolenidae all have highly ________ treefrogs.

Scaphiopodidae

family with highly carnivorous tadpoles w different jaw morphology

tongue

Pipidae & Rhinophrynidae have unusual _______ adaptations such as missing or being attached uniquely.

neobatrachia

most diverse clade of frogs; many families have adavanced traits