CHAPTER 3.2 TISSUES

-________

 Groups of cells with similar structure and function

 Four primary types:

1. ________ (epithelium)

2. ______ tissue

3.______ tissue

4. _______ tissue

 Tissues

 Groups of cells with similar structure and function

 Four primary types:

1. Epithelial tissue (epithelium)

2. Connective tissue

3. Muscle tissue

4. Nervous tissue

Epithelial Tissue

Locations:

 Body ____

 Body____

 ________ tissue

Functions:

 P______

 A______

 F_______

 S______

Epithelial Tissue

Locations:

 Body coverings

 Body linings

 Glandular tissue

 Functions:

 Protection

 Absorption

 Filtration

 Secretion

Epithelial Tissue

 Hallmarks of epithelial tissues:

 _____and _____ body surfaces

 Often form ____ with ____free surface, the a_____

surface, and an a______surface, the basement

membrane

 _______ (no blood supply)

 Regenerate easily if well nourished

Epithelial Tissue

 Hallmarks of epithelial tissues:

 Cover and line body surfaces

 Often form sheets with one free surface, the apical

surface, and an anchored surface, the basement

membrane

 Avascular (no blood supply)

 Regenerate easily if well nourished

Classification of epithelia

 Number of cell layers

 _____—one layer

 _____-—more than one layer

 Shape of cells

_____—flattened, like fish scales

 _____—cube-shaped, like dice

 ____—shaped like columns

Classification of epithelia

 Number of cell layers

 Simple—one layer

 Stratified—more than one layer

 Shape of cells

 Squamous—flattened, like fish scales

 Cuboidal—cube-shaped, like dice

 Columnar—shaped like columns

_____ ____

 Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration

 Very thin (so not suited for protection)

Simple epithelia

 Functions in absorption, secretion, and filtration

 Very thin (so not suited for protection)

Epithelial Tissue

 ___________ epithelium

 Single layer of cube like cells

 Locations

 Common in ______ and their _____

 Forms______ of ___ ___

 Covers the surface of ______

 Functions in s_______ and a_____; c______ types

p_____ mucus or r_______ cells

Epithelial Tissue

 Simple cuboidal epithelium

 Single layer of cubelike cells

 Locations

 Common in glands and their ducts

 Forms walls of kidney tubules

 Covers the surface of ovaries

 Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types

propel mucus or reproductive cells

______________________

 Single layer of tall cells

 ______ cells ______ mucus

 Locations

 Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus

 Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities

opening to the exterior

 Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types

propel mucus or reproductive cells

Simple columnar epithelium

 Single layer of tall cells

 Goblet cells secrete mucus

 Locations

 Lining of the digestive tract from stomach to anus

 Mucous membranes (mucosae) line body cavities

opening to the exterior

 Functions in secretion and absorption; ciliated types

propel mucus or reproductive cells

Epithelial Tissue

 ___________________________

 All cells rest on a _________ membrane

 Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others

giving a false (_______) impression of stratification

 Location: __________, where it is ciliated and

known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

 Functions in absorption or secretion

Epithelial Tissue

 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

 All cells rest on a basement membrane

 Single layer, but some cells are shorter than others

giving a false (pseudo) impression of stratification

 Location: respiratory tract, where it is ciliated and

known as pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

 Functions in absorption or secretion

Epithelial Tissue

__________

 Consist of two or more cell layers

 Function primarily in protection

Epithelial Tissue

 Stratified epithelia

 Consist of two or more cell layers

 Function primarily in protection

________________

 Most common stratified epithelium

 Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface,

which are squamous

 Functions as a protective covering where friction is

common

 Locations—lining of the:

 ______(outer portion)

 _______

 _______

Stratified Squamous Epithelia

 Most common stratified epithelium

 Named for cells present at the free (apical) surface,

which are squamous

 Functions as a protective covering where friction is

common

 Locations—lining of the:

 Skin (outer portion)

 Mouth

 Esophagus

Epithelial Tissue

 ____________ ________two layers of

cuboidal cells; functions in protection

 __________________—surface cells are

columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and

shape; functions in protection

 _________________

 Rare in human body

 Found mainly in ducts of large glands

Epithelial Tissue

 Stratified cuboidal epithelium—two layers of

cuboidal cells; functions in protection

 Stratified columnar epithelium—surface cells are

columnar, and cells underneath vary in size and

shape; functions in protection

 Stratified cuboidal and columnar

 Rare in human body

 Found mainly in ducts of large glands

____________________

 Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium

 Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

 Functions in stretching and the ability to return to

normal shape

 Location: lining of urinary system organs

Transitional epithelium

 Composed of modified stratified squamous epithelium

 Shape of cells depends upon the amount of stretching

 Functions in stretching and the ability to return to

normal shape

 Location: lining of urinary system organs

Epithelial Tissue

 ____________

 One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular

product

 Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous

(water-based) fluid

 Secretion is an active process

Epithelial Tissue

 Glandular epithelia

 One or more cells responsible for secreting a particular

product

 Secretions contain protein molecules in an aqueous

(water-based) fluid

 Secretion is an active process

Two major gland types develop from epithelial

sheets

 ________________

 Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood

vessels

 Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary

 _______________

 Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

 Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both

internal and external)

Two major gland types develop from epithelial

sheets

 Endocrine glands

 Ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood

vessels

 Examples include thyroid, adrenals, and pituitary

 Exocrine glands

 Secretions empty through ducts to the epithelial surface

 Include sweat and oil glands, liver, and pancreas (both

internal and external)

_____________________

 Found everywhere in the body to connect body

parts

 Includes the most abundant and widely

distributed tissues

 F________

 P________

 S______

 B_______

Connective Tissue

 Found everywhere in the body to connect body

parts

 Includes the most abundant and widely

distributed tissues

 Functions

 Protection

 Support

 Binding

Characteristics of connective tissue

 Variations in blood supply

 Some tissue types are well __________

 Some have a poor blood supply or are __________

 Extracellular matrix

 ________ _______ that surrounds living cells

Characteristics of connective tissue

 Variations in blood supply

 Some tissue types are well vascularized

 Some have a poor blood supply or are avascular

 Extracellular matrix

 Nonliving material that surrounds living cells

Two main elements of the extracellular matrix

1.__________—mostly water, along with

adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

2. Fibers

 _______(white) fibers

 _________ (yellow) fibers

 ___________ (a type of collagen)

Two main elements of the extracellular matrix

1. Ground substance—mostly water, along with

adhesion proteins and polysaccharide molecules

2. Fibers

 Collagen (white) fibers

 Elastic (yellow) fibers

 Reticular fibers (a type of collagen)

Types of connective tissue from most rigid to

softest, or most fluid:

 B____

 C_____

 D_____ c______ t_____

 L_____ c______ t_______

 B____

Types of connective tissue from most rigid to

softest, or most fluid:

 Bone

 Cartilage

 Dense connective tissue

 Loose connective tissue

 Blood

Bone (_________tissue)

 Composed of:

 _________ (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)

 Hard matrix of calcium salts

 Large numbers of collagen fibers

 Functions to _______and _______ the body

Bone (osseous tissue)

 Composed of:

 Osteocytes (bone cells) sitting in lacunae (cavities)

 Hard matrix of calcium salts

 Large numbers of collagen fibers

 Functions to protect and support the body

________

 Less hard and more flexible than bone

 Found in only a few places in the body

 Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type

 Types

 Hyaline cartilage

 Fibrocartilage

 Elastic cartilage

Cartilage

 Less hard and more flexible than bone

 Found in only a few places in the body

 Chondrocyte (cartilage cell) is the major cell type

 Types

 Hyaline cartilage

 Fibrocartilage

 Elastic cartilage

____ _______

 Most widespread type of cartilage

 Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery

matrix

 Locations

 Trachea

 Attaches ribs to the breastbone

 Covers ends of long bones

 Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

 Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones

Hyaline cartilage

 Most widespread type of cartilage

 Abundant collagen fibers hidden by a glassy, rubbery

matrix

 Locations

 Trachea

 Attaches ribs to the breastbone

 Covers ends of long bones

 Entire fetal skeleton prior to birth

 Epiphyseal (growth) plates in long bones

Connective Tissue

 _________ (not pictured)

 Provides elasticity

 Location: supports the external ear

 ___________

 Highly compressible

 Location: forms cushionlike discs between vertebrae of

the spinal column

Connective Tissue

 Elastic cartilage (not pictured)

 Provides elasticity

 Location: supports the external ear

 Fibrocartilage

 Highly compressible

 Location: forms cushionlike discs between vertebrae of

the spinal column

Connective Tissue

 ________________________

 Main matrix element is collagen fiber

 Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers

 Locations

 Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone

 Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints and are more

elastic than tendons

 Dermis—lower layers of the skin

Connective Tissue

 Dense connective tissue (dense fibrous tissue)

 Main matrix element is collagen fiber

 Fibroblasts are cells that make fibers

 Locations

 Tendons—attach skeletal muscle to bone

 Ligaments—attach bone to bone at joints and are more

elastic than tendons

 Dermis—lower layers of the skin

Connective Tissue

______________

 Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other

connective tissues (except blood)

 Types

 Areolar

 Adipose

 Reticular

Connective Tissue

 Loose connective tissue

 Softer, have more cells and fewer fibers than other

connective tissues (except blood)

 Types

 Areolar

 Adipose

 Reticular

Connective Tissue

 ____________

 Most widely distributed connective tissue

 Soft, pliable tissue like ―cobwebs‖

 Functions as a universal packing tissue and ―glue‖ to

hold organs in place

 Layer of areolar tissue called lamina propria underlies

all membranes

 All fiber types form a loose network

 Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

Connective Tissue

 Areolar connective tissue

 Most widely distributed connective tissue

 Soft, pliable tissue like ―cobwebs‖

 Functions as a universal packing tissue and ―glue‖ to

hold organs in place

 Layer of areolar tissue called lamina propria underlies

all membranes

 All fiber types form a loose network

 Can soak up excess fluid (causes edema)

_____________________________

 An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate

 Functions

 Insulates the body

 Protects some organs

 Serves as a site of fuel storage

 Locations

 Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin

 Protects organs, such as the kidneys

 Fat ―depots‖ include hips, breasts, and belly

Adipose connective tissue

 An areolar tissue in which adipose (fat) cells dominate

 Functions

 Insulates the body

 Protects some organs

 Serves as a site of fuel storage

 Locations

 Subcutaneous tissue beneath the skin

 Protects organs, such as the kidneys

 Fat ―depots‖ include hips, breasts, and belly

______________________

 Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular

cells (like fibroblasts)

 Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs

 Locations

 Lymph nodes

 Spleen

 Bone marrow

Reticular connective tissue

 Delicate network of interwoven fibers with reticular

cells (like fibroblasts)

 Forms stroma (internal framework) of organs

 Locations

 Lymph nodes

 Spleen

 Bone marrow

______ (_______)

 ____________ surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood

plasma

 Soluble fibers are visible only during clotting

 Functions as the transport vehicle for the

cardiovascular system, carrying:

 Nutrients

 Wastes

 Respiratory gases

Blood (vascular tissue)

 Blood cells surrounded by fluid matrix known as blood

plasma

 Soluble fibers are visible only during clotting

 Functions as the transport vehicle for the

cardiovascular system, carrying:

 Nutrients

 Wastes

 Respiratory gases

_________

 Function is to contract, or shorten, to produce

movement

 Three types of _______

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

Muscle Tissue

 Function is to contract, or shorten, to produce

movement

 Three types of muscle tissue

1. Skeletal

2. Cardiac

3. Smooth

Muscle Tissue

 __________________

 Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal

muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull

on bones or skin

 Voluntarily (consciously) controlled

 Produces gross body movements or facial expressions

 Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells

 Striations (stripes)

 Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)

 Long, cylindrical shape

Muscle Tissue

 Skeletal muscle tissue

 Packaged by connective tissue sheets into skeletal

muscles, which are attached to the skeleton and pull

on bones or skin

 Voluntarily (consciously) controlled

 Produces gross body movements or facial expressions

 Characteristics of skeletal muscle cells

 Striations (stripes)

 Multinucleate (more than one nucleus)

 Long, cylindrical shape

Muscle Tissue

 ___________________

 Involuntarily controlled

 Found only in the heart

 Pumps blood through blood vessels

 Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

 Striations

 One nucleus per cell

 Short, branching cells

 Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells

together

Muscle Tissue

 Cardiac muscle tissue

 Involuntarily controlled

 Found only in the heart

 Pumps blood through blood vessels

 Characteristics of cardiac muscle cells

 Striations

 One nucleus per cell

 Short, branching cells

 Intercalated discs contain gap junctions to connect cells

together

_____ (_______) ____ _____

 Involuntarily controlled

 Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach,

uterus, and blood vessels

 Peristalsis, a wavelike activity, is a typical activity

 Characteristics of smooth muscle cells

 No visible striations

 One nucleus per cell

 Spindle-shaped cells

(parang overall mas down sya ng quality)

Smooth (visceral) muscle tissue

 Involuntarily controlled

 Found in walls of hollow organs such as stomach,

uterus, and blood vessels

 Peristalsis, a wavelike activity, is a typical activity

 Characteristics of smooth muscle cells

 No visible striations

 One nucleus per cell

 Spindle-shaped cells

___________ _____________

 Function is to receive and conduct

electrochemical impulses to and from body parts

 Irritability

 Conductivity

 Composed of neurons and nerve support cells

 Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and

support neurons

Nervous Tissue

 Function is to receive and conduct

electrochemical impulses to and from body parts

 Irritability

 Conductivity

 Composed of neurons and nerve support cells

 Support cells called neuroglia insulate, protect, and

support neurons

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways:

1. _______________

 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of

cells

2. ______________

 Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar

tissue)

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Tissue repair (wound healing) occurs in two ways:

1. Regeneration

 Replacement of destroyed tissue by the same kind of

cells

2. Fibrosis

 Repair by dense (fibrous) connective tissue (scar

tissue)

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends

on:

1. __________

2. __________

 Clean cuts (incisions) heal more successfully

than ragged tears of the tissue

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Whether regeneration or fibrosis occurs depends

on:

1. Type of tissue damaged

2. Severity of the injury

 Clean cuts (incisions) heal more successfully

than ragged tears of the tissue

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Events of tissue repair

 ____________________

 Capillaries become very permeable

 Clotting proteins migrate into the area from the

bloodstream

 A clot walls off the injured area

 ___________________

 Growth of new capillaries

 Phagocytes dispose of blood clot and fibroblasts

 Rebuild collagen fibers

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Events of tissue repair

 Inflammation sets the stage

 Capillaries become very permeable

 Clotting proteins migrate into the area from the

bloodstream

 A clot walls off the injured area

 Granulation tissue forms

 Growth of new capillaries

 Phagocytes dispose of blood clot and fibroblasts

 Rebuild collagen fibers

Events of tissue repair (continued)

 R________ and _________ effect permanent repair

 Scab detaches

 Whether scar is visible or invisible depends on severity

of wound

Events of tissue repair (continued)

 Regeneration and fibrosis effect permanent repair

 Scab detaches

 Whether scar is visible or invisible depends on severity

of wound

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 __________________

 Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)

 Fibrous connective tissues and bone

_____________________

 Skeletal muscle

 _______________________

 Cardiac muscle

 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Tissue Repair (Wound Healing)

 Tissues that regenerate easily

 Epithelial tissue (skin and mucous membranes)

 Fibrous connective tissues and bone

 Tissues that regenerate poorly

 Skeletal muscle

 Tissues that are replaced largely with scar tissue

 Cardiac muscle

 Nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

 Growth through _______ continues through

puberty

 Cell populations exposed to ______ (such as

epithelium) replace lost cells throughout life

 Connective tissue remains ______ and forms

repair (scar) tissue

 With some exceptions, muscle tissue becomes

______ by the end of puberty

 Nervous tissue becomes ______shortly after

birth

Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

 Growth through cell division continues through

puberty

 Cell populations exposed to friction (such as

epithelium) replace lost cells throughout life

 Connective tissue remains mitotic and forms

repair (scar) tissue

 With some exceptions, muscle tissue becomes

amitotic by the end of puberty

 Nervous tissue becomes amitotic shortly after

birth

Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

 Injury can severely handicap ______ tissues

 The cause of aging is _______, but ______ and

________ insults, as well as _______ programming,

have been proposed as possible causes

Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

 Injury can severely handicap amitotic tissues

 The cause of aging is unknown, but chemical and

physical insults, as well as genetic programming,

have been proposed as possible causes

Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

 __________, both benign and cancerous,

represent abnormal cell masses in which normal

controls on cell division are not working

 __________ (increase in size) of a tissue or organ

may occur when tissue is strongly stimulated or

irritated

 _________ (decrease in size) of a tissue or organ

occurs when the organ is no longer stimulated

normally

Developmental Aspects of Cells and Tissues

 Neoplasms, both benign and cancerous,

represent abnormal cell masses in which normal

controls on cell division are not working

 Hyperplasia (increase in size) of a tissue or organ

may occur when tissue is strongly stimulated or

irritated

 Atrophy (decrease in size) of a tissue or organ

occurs when the organ is no longer stimulated

normally