4+5) Concepts of Correlation, Regression and Causation and Concept of Bias and the Types of Bias

What does selection bias involve in clinical research?

Systematic differences in baseline characteristics between the groups compared

What is the purpose of randomization and allocation concealment?

To reduce the risk of selection bias by concealing future group assignments

What best defines performance bias in a clinical trial?

Systematic differences in care provided between groups unrelated to the intervention

. What is the role of blinding in reducing performance bias?

To reduce the chance that knowledge of group assignment influences care or outcomes

Detection bias occurs when there are:

Systematic differences in how outcomes are determined between groups

What is attrition bias caused by?

Systematic differences in participant withdrawals or exclusions between groups

What characterizes reporting bias in research studies?

Systematic differences between reported and unreported findings

How can researchers best avoid recall bias?

By prioritizing objective data sources over subjective self-reports

What is one effective way to mitigate flaws in study design that lead to bias?

. Implementing blinding and standardized data collection methods