Functional group transformations

Alcohols → Aldehydes

Oxidation in the presence of K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄

Aldehydes → Carboxylic acids

Oxidation in the presence of K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄

Alcohols → Carboxylic acids

Oxidation in the presence of K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄

Carboxylic acids → Aldehydes

Reduction in the presence of LiAlH₄

Aldehydes → Alcohols

Reduction in the presence of LiAlH₄

Carboxylic acids → Alcohols

Reduction in the presence of LiAlH₄

Alcohols → Ketones

Oxidation in the presence of K₂Cr₂O₇ or KMnO₄

Ketones → Alcohols

Reduction in the presence of LiAlH₄

Carboxylic acids → Salts

Neutralisation with a base or displacement with a metal

Carboxylic acids → Alkylammonium salts

Condensation reaction when reacted with amines

Alkylammonium salts → Amides

Heat

Amides → Carboxylic acids

Hydrolysis in the presence of water or acid

Alcohols → Esters

Condensation reaction in the presence of carboxylic acids with a concentrated H₂SO₄ of concentrated H₃PO₄ catalyst or acid chlorides with no catalyst

Alcohols → Alkenes

Dehydration reaction in the presence of concentrated H₂SO₄, concentrated H₃PO₄ or Al₂O₃

Alkenes → Alcohols

Hydration reaction in the presence of H₂SO₄ catalyst

Alkenes → Alkanes

Hydrogenation reaction in the presence of a nickel or platinum catalyst

Alkenes → Dihaloalkanes

Halogenation reaction in the presence of a halogen

Alkenes → Monohaloalkanes

Hydrohalogenation reaction in the presence of a hydrogen halide

Monohaloalkanes → Alkenes

Elimination reaction in the presence of ethanolic KOH or NaOH

Monohaloalkanes → Ethers

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with an alkoxide

Alcohols → Alkoxides

Displacement reaction with a group 1 metal

Monohaloalkanes → Nitriles

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with ethanolic KCN or NaCN

Monohaloalkanes → Alcohols

Nucleophilic substitution reaction with aqueous KOH or NaOH

Nitriles → Carboxylic acids

Hydrolysis reaction involving water