Studied by 5 peoplewhat type of growth do all populations experience when plenty of food and space is available?
exponential
what is it called when a population reaches a max number of individuals the environment can sustain?
carrying capacity
why is it unlikely to have more than 5 levels in the food chain?
90% energy is lost from each tropic level
A slug and fungus grow on the same side of a dead tree. The slug eats algae, while the fungus eats decaying nutrients from the tree. Do these species have the same habitat?
yes
What is a beetle that eats plant material called in a food chain?
primary consumer
list 5 tropic levels of a typical food web
producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, decomposer
an example of a mutualistic relationship
cleaner fish & moray eel
describe a producer
an organisms that can obtain energy directly from a non-living/abiotic source in an ecosystem
true or false: biodiversity increases the survival of a population that encounters an environmental change
true
list 3 abiotic factors that must be available within an environment in order for plants to grow?
soil, sunlight, water, nutrients in soil
which density-independent factor most commonly limits population growth?
natural disaster, climate change
a slug and fungus grow on the same side of a dead tree. The slug eats algae, while the fungus eats decaying nutrients from the tree. Do these species have the same niche?
no
provide an example of interspecies competition
wolf and bear competing for elk or birds and squirrels competing for nesting sites. Competition between organisms off diff. species
what is the ultimate source of energy for an ecosystem
sunlight
what is the difference between a niche and a habitat
niche- organisms 'role' in environment
habitat- the place where an organism lives
what type of organism is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm to local environment and species
invasive species
what type of population growth is typical in real-life populations?
logistic growth
organisms moving INTO an occupied area is termed?
immigration
organisms moving OUT of an area where the population is located is termed?
emigration
what is an ecosystem considered an open system in regards to energy?
light/energy/heat flows through the ecosystem in one direction... does NOT recycle
what is the speed at which a population increases in size termed?
growth rate
why is an ecosystem considered a closed system in regards to matter?
it is a closed system for materials moving from producers to consumers. Matter is recycled in an ecosystem
What type of population growth is not common in the real world?
exponential growth
how do human get the usable nitrogen needed to make necessary proteins?
consuming plants and animal tissues
describe carrying capacity
the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain
how will a predator-prey population study graph look?
the predator population with always lag behind the prey population, prey population will experience 'exponential' growth when predators are few, and predators will experience 'exponential' growth when prey are high in number
________ two species that live together in a prolonged relationship that benefits at least one species
symbiosis
______ population growth of slows or stops due to a limiting factor
logistic growth
if primary producers produce 5000 energy units, how much energy is available for secondary consumers?
50 energy units
how did the reintroduction of Yellowstone wolves change the rivers?
wolves preyed on deer/pronghorn that reduce the consumption of shrubs and trees along river edges and strengthened soil to reduce river erosion
order the levels of ecological organization from smallest to largest
organism/species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
name 3 types of density dependent limiting factors
increased transmission of disease, increased predation, limited resources
what assumptions 3 must be made to simulate the process of exponential growth?
availability of unlimited resources, no death rate, each population member reproduces
name and describe the 5 types of heterotrophs
herbivores- consumes plant
carnivores- consumes animal tissues
omnivore- consumers plants/animal tissues
detritivores- consumes decaying matter
decomposer- break down organic matter
describe 3 predation defenses
1- coloration- camo and warning
2- batesian mimicry- harmless species mimics the coloration of a harmful species
3- mullerian mimicry- species with the same defense strategy look alike or taste alike
thinking about population size change, how can a species become extinct?
if carrying capacity falls low enough and cannot support even a small population
describe the process of a population experiencing logistic growith
1- starts out with exponential growth
2- resources become less available as the population grows
3- growth rate levels off and hits carrying compacity
name 3 biotic factors
plants, animals, fungi, bacteria
describe the niche of an Idaho bubblebee
role is to locate pollenating flowers, drink nectar, produce honey, build hive in forest
how does density effect fluctuations in population size
increased density results in density dependent limiting factors
Describe exponential population growth
population doubles in each generation
what does abiotic mean?
Non-living
describe why an invasive species is a problem
EX- Burmese python has no natural predators in the Florida area and can reproduce unchecked, consumes local species and disrupts food webs
Why is the term "pyramid" not always correct for what occurs in a food web?
a forest may only have a few large producers and main consumers/birds...the bottom level of a numbers pyramid would be smaller than the next level
If only 10% of energy is available for the next trophic level, where does the other 90% of energy go?
used for reproduction, growth, heat from movement
How does density effect fluctuations in population size?
increased density results in density dependent limiting factors
Thinking about population size change, how can a species become extinct?
if carrying capacity falls low enough and cannot support even a small population
Name three types of density dependent limiting factors
increased disease transmission, increased predation, limited resources
Name three types of ecological pyramids
biomass, numbers, energy
What assumption (3) must be made to simulate the process of exponential growth?
availability of unlimited resources, no death rate, each population member reproduces
How do animals obtain the carbon needed to build new cells?
Consumes plants or other animals
Describe how earth (biosphere) is both and open and closed system?
Open to energy from the sun and closed to matter
Describe the main difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph
autotroph gain energy through non-living resources, heterotrophs gain energy through consumption
Describe a producer
an organism that can obtain energy directly from a non-living/abiotic source in an ecosystem
What is living tissue?
Biomass
Provide a local example of a density independent limiting factor
Oregon/Idaho fires, high snowfall, human industry
All biotic and Abiotic factors in a specific environment is termed?
ecosystem
What does abiotic mean?
non-living factor in the environment
Describe a biological community
several populations living in the same area at the same time
Name two types of primary consumers
photosynthesizes. chemosynthesizers
What kind of growth is is when a populations growth slows or stops dues to a limiting factor?
Logistic Growth
This is where an organism live.
A habitat
Describe the flow of energy.
always in ONE direction
What is the position of an organism in a food chain called?
trophic level
Describe the difference between immigration and emigration
immigration: organisms moving into a a population and increasing the population
emigration: organisms leaving a population, causing a population to decrease.
What is it called when two species live together in a prolonged relationship that benefits at least one species?
symbiosis
How is carrying capacity determined when analyzing a graph?
the area on a line graph the levels off for a long period of time.
Note
Flashcard