chapter 4 bio

cell theory

all living things are made of cells, cells are the smallest unit, all cells come from other pre-existing cells

light microscope

invented by leewenhoek, the light passed through the specimen, through glass, and then refracted to the viewer

electron microscope

beam of electrons passed through or on surface, improvement to light microscopes

scanning electron microscope

3-d image of surface

transmission electron microscope

thin section of a specimen

confocal microscope

sharper 3-d image

organelle

a structure in the cell with one or more specific jobs

cell fractionation

broken cells spun multiple times to form many pellets, prepares specific cell components.

prokaryotic cell

DNA in nucleoid, no membrane-bounded structures (cytoplasm), surrounded by proteins, smaller

eukaryotic cell

DNA in nucleus, DNA double membrane, larger, membrane bounded

cytosol vs cytoplasm

cytosol in all cells, subcellular points are suspended, cytoplasm only in eukaryotic cells, area between membrane and nucleus

nucleoid

where DNA is concentrated in a prokaryotic cell, not membrane enclosed

plasma/cell membrane

in every cell, selective barrier, allows waste, nutrients, and oxygen to pass through

nucleus and nuclear envelope

contains genes in eukaryotic, enclosed by nuclear envelope, adouble membrane

chromosome

how DNA is organied in nucleus, made of chromatin

nucleolus

RNA is synthesized, proteins made into ribosomes

ribosome

RNA and protein, carry out protein synthesis, not organelles, not membrane bound

vesicles

sacs made of membrane, membrane segments

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

outer layer lacks ribosomes, metabolic, detoxification

rough endoplasmic reticulum

studded iwth ribosomes, making rough, ribosomes secrete proteins

golgi apparatus

warehouse, products of ER sent

lysosome

eukaryotic, hydrolyze, digestion

vacuole

vesicles fro ER and golgi apparatus

mitochondria

cellular respiration, ATP, in most eukaryotic cells

cellular respiration

metabolic process, uses oxygen to generate ATP by using energy from sugar, fat, and other fuels

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O.

chloroplast

found in plants, algae, site of phtotosynthesis

photosynthesis

convert sunlight into chemical energy

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

cytoskeleton

network of fibers throughout cytoplasm, helps maintain shpae, structure

flagella

asist in cell movement

cell wall

structure for plant cells, prokaryotes, fungi, unicellular eukaryotes

Compa