Philosophy

Animism

Everything is alive

Cosmogony

The study of the origins of the universe

Cosmology

The study of the universe and asks questions about how substance came into being and where substances are located

Courage

Doing the right thing in spite of your fear

Determinism

No action whether of man or God is ever free

Dualist / Dualism

That which makes up the universe is reducible to two items

Efficient Cause

This is the motion or action that begins the substance

Final Cause

This is the function or purpose of the substance

Form

The structure, approach, or method of inference employed

Formal Cause

This is the form of the substance - the blueprint if you will

Idealism

The metaphysical view that only minds and their ideas exist

Immaterialism

The world is ultimately organized so the world is ultimately laws

Intellectual Virtues

Knowing the good

Intelligible things

Things you can think-- 1) understanding- forms (you must understand the forms) 2) Thought - abstraction (thinking)

Justice

Setting the world right

Material Cause

This is the matter that makes up the substance

Materialist / Materialism

The world at its base is made of stuff

Matter

What takes up space

Monads

The simple immaterial substances that are the ultimate constituents of all reality

Monist / Monism

That which makes up the universe is reducible to a single item

Moral Virtues

Doing the good

Ontology

What is the universe made up of? - what it is to exist

pantheism

Believe everything is God

Particular

used to single out an individual member of a specified group or class.

Pluralist / Pluralism

That which makes up the universe is reducible to many items

Primary substances

Substance is that which stands alone, it is independent being, a horse, a tree, and a human are all substances

Principle of Sufficient Reason

There must be a reason for everything. Even God must have a reason for creating

Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles

No two things can possibly have all the same properties or be absolutely identical in all aspects

Secondary substances

What Aristotle called the "species" and "genus" to which a thing belongs and these are less real

Substance

Both form and matter

hybology

Aristotle believed that the universe as a whole and all things in it have a purpose, a goal

Temperance

Responding properly to the/your world

Unity

the state of being united or joined as a whole.

Universal

One thing properly applied to many things

virtue

The means by which the good is reached

Visible thing

Things can use your senses on-- 3) Belief - Object (can be examined) 4) Imagination - Images (giving attention to something not there ; copies of things)

Wisdom

Knowledge rightly applied

What are the two major divisions of metaphysics?

1) What is the nature of reality?
2)What are the basic ways of being?

According to Simplicius, in the textbook, Thales was the first Greek thinker to break with

Common sense and religion and offer a General theory about the ultimate nature of reality

What are the 4 Socratic Virtues?

1)Courage - doing the right thing in spite of your fear
2)Temperance - responding to the world properly
3)Wisdom - knowledge rightly applied
4)Justice - setting the world right

How did Plato believe these functioned?

He believed that wisdom, courage, and temperance in proper proportion with wisdom in charge pointed the world toward the good, producing justice

What was the goal of philosophy for the individual?

To figure out what is good

Aristotle divided the virtues into what two categories?

1)Moral Virtues
2)Intellectual Virtues

What was Plato's major (new) contribution to philosophy?

He was foundational in establishing the integrated philosophical enterprise

Who were the major influences on Plato and in what way did they influence him?

1) Pythagoras - he believed the universe is reducible to numbers and math. Plato said we need a universal language
2) Heraclitus - universe reducible to logos (never changes and controls change) and chaos (change). Plato said the right way to be a philosopher is to be a dualist
3) Socrates - he cares about humans more than anything. Plato says everything is about ethics
4) Parmenides - he believed what is ultimately true about the universe is that it's eternal and unchanging. Plato says that's how to describe knowledge (eternal and unchanging and single)

Describe Plato's 5 step process/methodology for education

1) Being with education through play- Social
2) Arithmetic, plane geometry, solid geometry, astronomy, and harmonics (10 years of study, REPUBLIC, 7, 536D & 537B). - Science
3) Dialectic, after they demonstrate a certain level of maturity
4) Practice argument and dialectic lead a life of service
5) Inquire about the nature of the universals- the good

Describe Plato's 5 step process of coming to knowledge discussed in class.

1)You name it (name)
2)Description (definition)
3)Image (bodily forms)
4)Knowledge of the object (concepts)
5)The object itself (true reality)

What, according to Plato, are the two metaphysical components?

1) The world of forms
2) The world of matter

What are, in correct order, the 4 divisions of the Divided Line (note, each division has two terms, one for activity and the other the object of that activity)?

1) Understanding - Knowledge (you must understand the forms)
2) Thought - Abstraction (thinking)
3) Belief - Object (can be examined)
4) Imagination - Images (giving attention to things not there ; copies of things)

What does Plato's Divided Line & Myth of the Cave (Republic) tell us about the world and our knowledge of it?

We only know what others tell us of the world. The more you seek knowledge, the more you get; then you take responsibility for that knowledge.

Aristotle was the first to

distinguish the branches of inquiry in philosophy

What, according to Aristotle, is a 'substance'?

Both form and matter

what are his three descriptions of substance?

1) A substance is the thing that is properly referred to by a noun
2) Substance is what underlies all of the properties and changes in something. For example, you look different than you did when you were five, but you are still the same person
3) Substance is what is essential

What are the four Aristotelian Causes?

1) Material Cause - this is the matter that makes up the substance
2) Efficient Cause - this is the motion or action that begins the substance
3) Final Cause - this is the function or purpose of the substance
4) Formal Cause - this is the form of the substance ~ the blueprint if you will

What are the five Aristotelian Powers of the Soul?

1) Nutritive - that which makes basic life possible (plant or animal)
2) Appetitive - that which gives substance its passions, will, desires, etc
3) Sensitive - the ability to receive and respond to sense data
4) Locomotive - that which enables a substance to move by its own volition
5) Rational - the unique (?) quality in humanity to

What are the seven functions of the mind?

Memory
Language
Imagination
Will
Reason
Perceives
Emotions