SOC 168 Test One

What is social theory?

A system of ideas that explains social phenomena and helps us understand the world.

When and why did sociology emerge as a discipline?

Sociology emerged in the 19th century in response to the profound social, political, and economic changes brought about by:

• The Enlightenment – Focused on reason, science, and individual rights.

• The Industrial Revolution – Urbanization, factory work, and new class structures.

• The French Revolution – Political upheaval and the questioning of traditional authority.

What time period is referred to as classical sociological theory?

The mid 19th to early 20th centuries when sociology emerged and was institutionalized.

Who is often associated with conflict theory?

Karl Marx, who focused on economic issues, particularly labor relations.

What did Weber mean by 'iron cage of efficiency'?

The idea that societal structures can trap individuals in bureaucratic systems.

What distinguishes scientific theories from other systems?

Scientific theories explain and predict phenomena and produce testable, falsifiable hypotheses.

What is symbolic interactionism?

A theory that emphasizes how interactions shape our understanding of reality.

What did Durkheim mean by 'anomie'?

A state of normlessness or disorientation experienced during social upheaval.

Define the term 'structural contexts' in sociology.

Key institutions in society, such as family, economy, and political systems, that shape social behavior.

What is the focus of conflict theory?

How power and resources are unevenly distributed among groups in society.

What did Tocqueville mean by 'individualism vs. egoism'?

Individualism is the choice to withdraw into smaller social circles; egoism is an exaggerated focus on oneself.

Explain the term 'positivism' as used in sociological contexts.

An approach that advocates studying society using methods similar to the natural sciences.

What is the Law of Three Stages according to Comte?

Theological Stage (religion), Metaphysical Stage (philosophy), and Positive Stage (science).

How did Spencer view social order?

He believed social order arises from individual actions rather than from imposed structures.

What does the term 'social Darwinism' imply?

The application of Darwin's theory of natural selection to social, political, and economic issues.

What concerns did Tocqueville express about democracy?

He worried that increased democracy could lead to centralization of power and erosion of individual freedom.

What is the primary concern of Spencer's theories?

Advocating for the principle that individual competition drives societal progress.

What are the perceived weaknesses of structural functionalism?

It often neglects individual agency and does not address social change or injustice effectively.

Define 'anomie' as per Durkheim's perspective.

A condition in which society provides little moral guidance to individuals, leading to feelings of normlessness.

What did Comte propose about the role of sociologists?

He believed sociologists should be seen as the 'priests' of humanity, guiding society through knowledge.

What impact did the Industrial Revolution have on sociology?

It prompted new ways of understanding societal changes, focusing on industrialization and capitalism.

What did Tocqueville conclude about centralization of power?

He believed that modern bureaucratic structures could lead to a loss of individual freedoms.