UF Optional Final MCB3023

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Which region contains the chromosome in the bacteria cell?

Nucleoid

Which term best describes an autotroph?

Utilized sunlight as an energy source to fix carbon dioxide

What term applies to the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate for the generation of energy?

glycolisis

Which habitat is NOT inhabited by microorganisms?

none of these

This early microbiology pioneer developed a set of criteria for linking a specific microorganism to a specific disease.

Robert Koch

Which is the major component of the cell wall of microbes in the Bacteria domain?

peptidoglycan

Which is an example of an "inclusion body" found in a bacterial cell?

polyhydroxybutyrate

In which molecule is the occurrence of mutations most likely to be detected and repaired?

Double stranded DNA

Which of these gene expressions error will result in heritable genetic change?

DNA polymerase error introducing an incorrect base

select the answer choice with the correct order in which these structures evolved in plant cells:

mitochondria, chloroplasts, cell walls

What is the function of the bacterial capsule?

All of these choices

Phospholipid structure in archaeal cells suggests relatedness to

No other life forms: their structure is unique

In Type III secretion, which protein seems to mimic flagellin?

the protein being exported

On which other cytoskelatal protein does ParM activity appear to depend?

ParR

All known hyperthermophiles possess this enzyme to increase the supercoiling of the DNA and help stabilize it at high temperatures.

reverse DNA gyrase

Some archaeal cells contain pseudopeptidoglycan as their major cell wall component. What is this material composed of?

Sugar polymers cross linked via a peptide bridge

Archaeans now classified in phylum Thaumarchaeota were previously considered to belong within the phylum

Crenarchaeota

Which combination of bacterial species was most beneficial for weight gain in gnotobiotic mice?

Bacteroides, Methanobrevibacter

Chaperone proteins in hyperthermophilic archaeal cells are known as

thermosomes

Which of these best describes the process of meiosis in eukaryal cells?

DNA replication followed by two cell divisions

Haploid Dictyostelium replicate by mitosis when nutrients are plentiful. What happens when growth conditions deteriorate?

The cells aggregate to form a multicellular slug

The term for bacteriophage DNA that has integrated into the host cell chromosome and replicates along withe host cell chromosome.

a prophage

Term for bacteriophages that have the ability to either cause a lytic infection or integrate their genome into the host cell chromosomes after entry into the host cell.

lysogenic phage

Determining virus load by examining plant leaves for mosaicism would be considered as:

PFU count

An instrument designed to use moist heat for sterilization is the

autoclave

Which of these methods can be used to obtain a viable cell count?

plate counts of serial dilutions

Which kind of medium is used to allow some microbes to grow while suppressing others?

selective

What is the mean growth rate for a culture that has a generation time of 1 hour?

1 per hr

In order for a chemostat to operate properly, what must the reservoir contain?

a limiting nutrient

The Watson-Crick model of DNA shows that the base adenine pairs with:

thymine while cytosine pairs with guanine

In Bacteria the replication of the chromosome is initiated by binding of which protein to the origin of replication?

DnaA

In Bacteria the replication of the chromosome is initiated at a site on the chromosome called....

origin of replication

Which statement below is FALSE regarding replication of the bacterial chromosome?

The leading strand replicates in the 5' to 3' direction and the lagging strand in the 3' to 5' direction.

What, in the bacteria, is analogous to the autonomously replicating sequence (ARS) in yeast?

the oriC

What is a wild-type strain?

a original strain isolated from any environment before introduction of mutations

Compared to the eukaryal genome, the bacterial genome:

contains usually one chromosome and most genes occur in a single copy

Suppose a mutant strain of Escherichia coli K12 contains a mutation in the trpE gene and is no longer able to make tryptophan. What is this mutant called?

An auxotroph

Which of these enzymes is not required for homologos recombination to occur?

DNA polymerase

You are searching for a mutant strain of Salmonella enterica which is antibiotic sensitive. Which method would you employ to find such a mutant?

Replica plating

What is a transcriptome?

The transcripts encoded for by the genes within a genome

The Sanger method of sequencing uses ALL of the following EXCEPT:

restriction enzymes

What is a proteome?

The translated products encoded for by genes within a genome

The sequencing method which uses detection of pyrophosphate liberated when nucleotides are added to a growing DNA chain is called"

Pyrosequencing

Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) seperates proteins based on what property?

size and charge

What is an effector molecule?

A small molecule that binds to an enzyme/ protein to regulate its activity

The term for a large group of genes whose expression is under the control of a single regulatory system

regulon

Translated types of RNA include

xRNA

Which of these is required for transcription that is regulated by positive control?

activator protein

Which of these controls the expression of the lac operon?

Both repression and activation mechanisms

How is chemotaxis regulated?

By a series of signal transduction events

During negative regulation of gene expression the repressor protein binds to the operator to inhibit transcription. What is the effector molecule that controls the activity of the repressor protein called?

corepressor or inducer

How will E. coli growing in a medium containing both lactose and glucose react?

By preferentially utilizing glucose first

When glucose and lactose are present, which substrate is used by microbes:

lactose metabolism is repressed until glucose is used up

What is diauxic growth?

Sequential use of different carbon sources leading to different growth rates

Expression of genes that are constitutive is

unregulated

Which of the following is not an example of a regulon?

lac operon

What is a reporter gene?

The fusion of a promoter region of interest to a gene whose product can easily be measured.

What does sigma factor helps the RNA polymerase do?

Identify the promoter region of a gene

Which of these is typically involved in a two-component regulatory system?

Histidine kinase and a response regulator

Microorganisms that rely solely on fermentation reactions for energy production make ATP primarily by this method.

substrate-level phosphorylation

What is the term for the primary pathway for fatty acid oxidation?

β-oxidation pathway

The products of the light reactions of photosynthesis are

ATP and NADPH

Enzymes that break down proteins into individual amino acids are called

proteases

When oxygen gas reacts with hydrogen gas, water is produced in this oxidation-reduction reaction. Hydrogen donates electrons to elemental oxygen in the reaction. Which statement below is true about this reaction?

Oxygen is being reduced in this reaction

Which of these is TRUE for a chemoorganoheterotroph?

Uses organic carbon as an electron source and a carbon source

Lactic acid is a common fermentation product. It is produced when ___________ is reduced by electrons received from NADH.

pyruvate

What are the NET products of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway, when one mole of glucose is oxidized?

Two pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH.

Which of these is TRUE for a chemolithoautotroph? it uses:

inorganic carbon as energy sources and inorganic carbon as a carbon source

Which of these is NOT an electron carrier used in the electron transport chain?

ATPase

Which of these is the most widely used form of energy in cell processes?

ATP

How do enzymes increase the rate of biochemical reaction?

by lowering the activation energy

Nitrification is

a two-step process to oxidize ammonium into nitrate

How is ATP primarily produced in chemolithotrophs?

Electrons moving through an electron transport system to generate a proton motive force.

Which organism contain bacteriochlorphyll?

purple sulfur, non-sulfur, and green sulfur bacteria

Soil texture classification is based on the percent of ___________ that make up the soil

sand, silt, and clay

FISH is a fluorescent microscopic technique used to differentiate microbes using this fluorescently labeled material

DNA probe

What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in nitrate (NO3-)?

+5

Which of these summarizes the overall process of nitrogen fixation?

N2 -> ammonia -> biomass

Which of these regulates the formation of biofilms?

quorum sensing

All of the following but one are xenobiotics that frequently contaminate our terrestrial environments. Which one does NOT represent a xenobiotic?

lignin

The difference between a methanotroph and a mythylotroph can be explained as:

a methylotroph can oxidize any methyl group, while a methanotroph only oxidizes methane

What is the main reason why the process of denitrification is detrimental to the soil?

it leads to loss of utilizable nitrogen from the soil

Phototrophic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide in Winogradsky columns is done by:

Purple sulur and non-sulfur bacteria

A methanogen

reduces carbon dioxide or methyl groups to methane

The electron donor for methanotrophs is

methane

Which of these best summarizes the contribution of cyanobacteria in the open ocean?

primary carbon production, oxygenation of the waters, and nitrogen fixation

What is the major nitrogen reservoir on Earth?

atmosphere

How might quorum sensing knowledge assist in medical antibiotic applications?

Quorum sensing inhibition might reduce bacterial communication and toxin release

How can denitrification rates in soil be reduced?

By keeping the soil well aerated