APUSH - Unit 4

Democratic-Republicans

Political party that opposed a strong federal government, opposed the British, and followed a strict interpretation of the Constitution - led by Jefferson, Henry Clay

Election of 1800

First transfer of power from one party to another (Federalist -> Anti-Federalist)

Marbury vs. Madison

Supreme Court Case in 1803 that established principle of judicial review

Election of 1808

Elected James Madison (TJ’s Secretary of State) after Jefferson retired

Era of Good Feelings

When there was only one party under Monroe’s presidency

Tariff of 1816

1st protective tariff in U.S. history in effort to protect American industries from European competition

Missouri Compromise

1820 - admit Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and prohibit slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Territory north of latitude 36 30

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson prohibited merchant ships from sailing to any foreign ports, bringing significant economic hardship to the U.S.

Nonintercourse Act 1809

Allowed foreign trade except with Britain and France

Treaty of Ghent 1814

Halted fighting, returned all conquered territory, recognized boundary between Canada and U.S., did nothing to recognize prewar grievances

Hartford Convention

Secret assembly of Federalists (December 1814 - January 1815) where secession of New England was proposed because they were angry over war and D-R leadership

Treaty of 1818

Agreement with Great Britain to share fishing rights off Newfoundland, established 49th parallel as western U.S.-Canada boundary line

Florida Purchase Treaty 1819

A.k.a. Adams-Onis Treaty - avoid war after Jackson led forces in a campaign against the Seminoles in Florida, U.S. gains FL for assuming $5 million of Spain’s debt

Monroe Doctrine 1823

Warned Europe to stop colonization efforts in America and to cease intervention in affairs of republics in the Western Hemisphere

Party Conventions

Party politicians and voters gathered in meeting halls to nominate candidates for elections

Spoils System

Presidents would fire old officials and hire new officials that aligned with their parties - example: Jackson

Election of 1824

Four D-R candidates campaigned for presidency: J.Q. Adams, Clay, W. Crawford, and Jackson → Jackson won popularity, but not electorally → election went to House, where Clay used his influence to elect J.Q. Adams

Revolution of 1828

Jackson’s campaign attacked Adam’s wife, and vice versa

John C. Calhoun

Jackson’s vice president, proposed nullification theory

Tariff of Abominations

A.k.a. Tariff of 1828 that South Carolina declared it unconstitutional, affirming nullification theory

Bank Veto

Jackson vetoed the 1832 bank recharter bill, denouncing that the bank served the wealthy and foreigners at the expense of common people

Whigs

Party that supported a national bank, protective tariffs, federal spending, concerned about crime associated with immigrants - base of voter support was NE and Mid-Atlantic states and urban professionals

Transcendentalists

Drew upon European Romanticism - valued individualism, self-reliance, independence, gender equality; authors included Emerson and Thoreau

Second Great Awakening

Caused divisions between newer evangelical sects and Protestantism - touched off efforts to reduce drinking, end slavery, and provide better aid to people with mental illness

Revival Frontier Movement

Charles Grandison Finney started revivals in upstate New York by appealing to emotions and fear of damnation

John Marshall

Federalist chief justice of the Supreme Court who heavily influenced the Supreme Court 

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Established judicial review: John Adams had made “midnight appointments” of Federalist judges, one of which, Willion Marbury, sued for his commission when Jefferson ordered James Madison not to deliver the commissions. Marshall ruled that, although the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave Marbury his commission, it was unconstitutional.

Fletcher v. Peck (1810)

state could not pass legislation invalidating a contract; first time Supreme Court declared a state law to be unconstitutional and invalid

Martin v. Hunter’s Lease (1816)

Supreme Court established that it had jurisdiction over state courts in cases involving constitutional rights

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

a contract for a private corporation could not be altered by the state

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

even though no clause in the Constitution specifically mentions a national bank, the Constitution gave the federal government the implied power to create one

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

the Supreme Court could review a state court’s decision involving any of the powers of the federal government

Gibbons v. Odgen (1821)

New York monopoly to a steamboat company is unconstitutional → established the federal government’s broad control of interstate commerce

American System

(1) Protective Tariffs (2) National Bank (3) internal improvements

Panic of 1819

Second Bank of the U.S. tightened credit to control inflation → state banks closed, and unemployment, bankruptcies, and imprisonment for debt increased sharply → shook the West the most

Tallmadge Amendment

(1) Prohibiting the further introduction of slaves into Missouri (2) Requiring the children of Missouri slaves to be emancipated at the age of 25

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

British warship Leopard fired on U.S. warship Chesapeake only a few miles off the coast of Virginia

Macon’s Bill No. 2 (1810)

if either Britain or France formally agreed to respect U.S. neutral rights at sea, then the U.S. would prohibit trade with that nation’s foe; Napoleon’s Deception

Election of 1812

Madison won reelection, defeating De Witt Clinton of New York, the candidate of the Federalists and antiwar Democratic-Republicans