Social Studies Chapters: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6,

Arabia

A peninsula in the Middle East, influencing nomadic lifestyles due to its vast deserts and limited water resources.

Kaaba

A sacred building in Mecca that served as a major religious center for various tribes worshipping different gods before the advent of Islam.

Mecca

The birthplace of Muhammad and the holiest city in Islam.

Prophet Muhammad

The founder of Islam who received revelations from Allah through the angel Gabriel, forming the basis of the Quran.

Quran

The holy book of Islam, considered to be the literal word of God.

Five Pillars of Islam

The core practices of Islam including Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (pilgrimage).

Caliphs

Leaders of the Muslim community after Muhammad's death.

Sunnis

Muslims who believe the caliph should be elected from among the community.

Shia

Muslims who believe that leadership should remain within Muhammad’s family, specifically with Ali.

Rightly Guided Caliphs

The first four caliphs after Muhammad: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali.

Umayyad Dynasty

The first major Islamic dynasty (661-750) that significantly expanded the Muslim empire.

Abbasid Dynasty

The dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads, known for its cultural and intellectual advancements (750-1258).

Ottoman Empire

One of the longest-lasting empires (1299-1922), significant in the spread of Islam.

Baghdad

Rose to become one of the world's largest cities due to its location on a network of trade routes.

Ibn Sina

A Persian physician whose medical encyclopedia became the standard medical text in Europe for hundreds of years.

The Thousand and One Nights

A collection of folk tales offering insight into early Muslim life and traditions.

Sikhism

A new religion that emerged in India around 1500 CE, influenced by Hinduism and Islam, founded by Guru Nanak.

Guru Granth Sahib

The holy book of Sikhism, considered the final teacher of the Sikh community.

Bhakti Movement

A religious movement emphasizing personal devotion and inclusivity in worship among Hindus.

Vishnu

A Hindu deity known as the protector.

Shiva

A Hindu deity known as the transformer.

Devi

A Hindu deity known as the divine mother.

Caste System

A hierarchical structure in Indian society that Sikhism opposed.