mexico nigeria vocab

Globalization

the process by which national economies, societies, and cultures become integrated through trade, communication, technology, and migration

Multinational corporations (MNCs)

Large companies that operate in multiple countries, often wielding significant economic and political influence

International Government Organizations

Organizations composed primarily of sovereign states (United Nations, World Bank) that promote international cooperation

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)

Nonprofit groups that operate independently of government and work toward social, political, or environmental goals

Supranational Organizations

Entities where member states transfer authority to a higher institution, often limiting their own sovereignty for broader goals

Neoliberalism

An economic and political ideology emphasizing free markets, deregulation, privatization, and minimal government intervention in the economy

Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)

Economic reforms imposed by the IMF or World Bank on developing countries, often requiring austerity, privatization, and trade liberalization

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

An economic strategy that encourages domestic production of goods to reduce reliance on foreign imports, popular in Latin America in the mid-20th century

Export Oriented Industrialization (EOI)

An economic strategy focused on producing goods for export to global markets, common in East Asian economies like South Korea

Party of Democratic Revolution (PRD)

A center-left political party in Mexico founded as a response to authoritarianism and electoral fraud, promoting social democracy and reforms

Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI)

The dominant political party in Mexico for most of the 20th century, known or its centralist, corporatist, and semi-authoritarian rule

National Action Party (PAN)

A center-right political party in Mexico supporting free-market policies and conservative social values; first broke PRI’s dominance in 2000

National Regeneration Movement (MORENA)

A leftist political party founded by Andres Manual Lopes Obrador (AMLO) advocating for anti-corruption, social justice, and expanded welfare

Patron-Client relationship

A system where powerful individuals (patrons) provide resources and protection in return for support and services from clients (voters or dependents)

Corporatism

A political system in which interest groups are integrated into the policy-making process, often state-controlled

National Congress

Mexico’s bicameral legislature, composed of the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies

Chamber of Deputies

The lower house of Mexico’s legislature, responsible for initiating legislation, especially related to the budget

National supreme court of justice

the highest court in mexico, overseeing constitutional issues and judicial review

Federal Election Institute (FEI)

An independent body (now called INE- National Electoral Institute) that organizes and oversees federal elections in Mexico to ensure fairness

Sexenio

A six-year term served by the Mexican president with no possibility of re-election

El Dedazo

the practice in some countries where the president or other top officials have significant influence over who gets appointed to key positions within the government or public institutions.

PEMEX

Petroleos Mexicanos, Mexicans state-owned oil company, critical to the economy and historically a symbol of national sovereignty

Mexican Miracle

a period (1940s-1970s) of rapid industrialization and economic growth in Mexico with stable GDP and rising standards of living

Maquiladoras

Factories located in northern mexico that import materials duty-free, assemble products, and then export them, primarily to the US

Mestizo

A person of mixed European and indigenous ancestry, making up the majority of Mexico’s population

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement (1994-2020), a trade pact between the US, Canada, and Mexico promoting free trade

USMCA

United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement, the updated version of NAFTA implemented in 2020 with new labor and digital trade provisions

Zapatista Army of National Liberation (EZLN)

A leftist revolutionary group in Chiapas, Mexico, advocating for indigenous rights, autonomy, and anti-globalization

AMLO

Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador, current president of Mexico and founder of MORENA, known for his populist policies and anti-corruption platform

Goodluck Jonathan

Former president of Nigeria (2010-2015), a member of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP), known or democratic reforms and economic growth but criticized for corruption

Peoples Democratic Party (PDP)

One of Nigerias major political parties, generally center-right, dominant in the early 2000s

All Progressive Congress (APC)

A major political party formed in 2013 rom a merger of opposition parties, currently dominant, and ideologically center-left.

Hausa

An ethnic group primarily in northern Nigeria, mostly Muslim, influential in politics

Fulani

Ethnic group often allied with the Hausa; predominantly muslim and ound in northern Nigeria

Yoruba

An ethnic group in southwestern Nigeria, religiously diverse (Muslim, Christian, traditional beliefs), politically and economically influential

Igbo(ibo)

An ethnic group in southeastern Nigeria, mostly Christian, with a history of separsit tensions (Biafran War)

Ogoni

A minority ethnic group in the Niger Delta region, known for activism against environmental degradation and oil exploitation

Sharia Law

Islamic legal system used in northern Nigerian states, applied in personal and criminal matters for Muslims

Patrimonialism

A form of governance where all power flows directly from the leader, who treats the state as personal property and rewards loyalty over competance

Prebendalism

A system in which public office is treated as a personal fiefdom, and resources are distributed as patronage to ethnic or regional supporters

Rentier State

A country that derives a significant portion of its national revenues from renting natural resources to external clients (oil in Nigeria)

MEND (Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta)

A militant group that fights for the rights of people in the oil-rich Niger Delta, using sabotage and violence to pressure the government and oil companies

Nigerian national Petroleum Corporations (NNPC)

State-owned oil corporation that oversees the exploration and production of petroleum, central to Nigerias economy

ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States)

A regional political and economic union of West African countries promoting economic integration and stability