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cytoplasm
cytosol, organelles, nucleus
cytosol
jelly-like substance within the cell
cytosol
provide fluid medium of biochemical reactions
organelle
membrane-enclosed bodies that perform unique functions
nucleus
largest organelle + contains DNA
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
system of channels continuous with nuclear membrane
endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
function in transport, synthesizing, + storing matierals
two types of ER
SER + RER
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
membrane embedded with ribosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
ribosomes, glycosylation,
ribosomes
organelle that serves as site of protein synthesis
ribosomes
for cell membrane and export out of cell
glycosylation
process of RER adding sugars to the protein
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
synthesis of lipids (phospholipids + steroid hormones)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
stores + regulates cellular Ca++
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
metabolizes some carbohydrates
smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
breaks down certain toxins
golgi apparatus
sorts, modifies, + “ships” proteins that come from RER
golgi apparatus
stacks of flattened dics (membranes)
golgi apparatus
two sides with different function
golgi apparatus
one side receives products in vesicles
golgi apparatus
one side releases new vesicles
golgi apparatus
if new product is to be released, new vesicle migrates to cell membrane
lysosomes
organelle that contains enzymes that break down + digest unneeded cellular components
lysosomes
autophagy + autolysis
autophagy
process of cell digesting its own structures (self eating)
autophagy
breaks down foreign materials
autolysis
lysosomes release digestive into cell + kill the cell (self destruction)
mitochondrion
“power house of the cell”
mitochondrion
membranous, bean-shaped organelle
mitochondrion
cristae
cristae
highly folder inner membrane
cristae
proteins, enzymes, + other molecules perform biochemical reactions of cellular respiration
cristae
converts energy stored in nutrient molecules into ATP
cristae
more metabolically cells have more mitochondria
mitochondrion
only organelle besides nucleus with own DNA
mitochondrion
important due to forensic work
mitochondrion
get it from your mom
perioxisome
membrane bound organelle that contains mostly enzymes
perioxisome
lipid metabolism + chemical detoxification
lipid metabolism + chemical detoxification
neutralize poisons like alcohol
reactive oxygen species (ROC)
reactive products of normal cellular processes
perioxisome
some important for cellular functions (cell signaling + immune respones)
perioxisome
others are harmful (free radicals)
free radicals
contain free unpaired electrons
free radicals
oxidize other molecules → cellular damage + cell death
oxidative stress
chain reaction of removing electron from other cells
free radicals
mutations cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, arthrititis, etc.
free radicals
peroxisome enzymes convert free radicals into water + oxygen
peroxisome enzymes convert free radicals into water + oxygen
can be safely released into cytoplasm
peroxisome enzymes convert free radicals into water + oxygen
“miniature sewage treatment plants”
cytoskeleton
fibrous proteins that helps cells maintain their structure
cytoskeleton
provide support
cytoskeleton
cell mobility
cytoskeleton
cell repoduction
cytoskeleton
transportation of substances within cells
cytoskeleton
thread-like network throughout cells
cytoskeleton
3 kinds; microtubule, intermediate filament, + microfilaments
microtubule
thickest of the 3 cytoskeletons
microtuble
composed of protein tubulin
microtubule
maintain cell shape + structure
microtubule
resist compression of cell
microtubule
help position organelles
microtubule
form cilia + flagellum
microtubule
set path along which DNA can be pulled during cell division (attached to centriole)
microfilaments
thinnest of the 3 cytoskeletons
microfilaments
twisted chains of actin protein filaments
microfilaments
along with protein, myosin are responsible for muscle contraction
microfilaments
during cell division, forms cleavage furrow
intermediate filament
“intermediate” in thickness between microtubules + microfilaments
intermediate filament
long fibrous strands of keratin woven into robe-like strands
intermediate filament
maintain cell shape + structure by resisting tension
intermediate filament
forces that pull apart cells, help anchor organelles, + link cells to other cells
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