Chapter 3.3.2 - The Genetic Code & Translation

codons

triplet code groups of three RNA nucleotides used to encode one amino acid

genetic code

this refers to which codons encode which amino acids

one

how many start codons are there?

three

how many stop codons are there?

frameshift

inserting one or two base to the original RNA sequence can cause what?

inserts an amino acid but doesn’t affect the others

what happens if you add 3 bases or just one codon to the original RNA sequence?

20

proteins are formed from ____ amino acids in humans

64

codons allow for ____ potential codons

titin

the largest known protein with ~27,000 to 35,000 amino acids

64; 20

there are ___ potential codons with only ____ amino acids

nonoverlapping

codons are sequential and do not share any bases

universal

the genetic code is ______

common anceestor

the genetic code is universal which hints at what?

degererate

some codons can encode for the same amino acid (what term?)

initiation, elongation, termination

what are the three steps to translation?

initiation

translation begins at the start codon. this is called

elongation

the ribosome uses the tRNA anticodon to match codons to amino acids and adds those amino acids to the growing peptide chain. this is called…

termination

translation ends at the stop codon. this is called

AUG = methionine

what is the start codon?

UAA, UAG, UGA

what are the three stop codons?

rRNA

with associated proteins make up ribosome; two subunits; provides structural support and some are a catalyst

cloverleaf

tRNA is what shape?

anticodon; mRNA codon

the _____ of tRNA forms hydrogen bonds with the _______ and has a specific amino acid at the other end; transfers amino acids to the ribosome

initiation complex

when together, the mRNA, the small ribosomal subunit, and the initiator tRNA carrying the first amino acid (methionine) are called what?

peptide bond

what type of bond connects the amino acids during protein creation?

release factor

what terminates the creation of an amino acid chain?