CS Chapter 13: Artificial Intelligence

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

The study of computer systems that model and apply the intelligence of the human mind.

Turing Test

A test used to determine whether a computer has achieved intelligence.

Weak Equivalence

When two systems (human and computer) come to the same conclusion, but do not arrive at those results the same way.

Strong Equivalence

When two systems (human and computer) come to the same conclusion, and arrive at those results the same way.

Loebner Prize

An important annual event for computing enthusiasts interested in artificial intelligence (AI).

Chatbots

Programs that have been developed to perform a conversation between a computer and a person.

What are the issues in AI?

Knowledge Representation, Expert Systems, Neural Networks, Natural-Language Processing, and Robotics.

Semantic Network

A knowledge representation technique that focuses on the relationships between objects.

Search Tree

A structure that represents all possible paths.

Depth-First Approach

Searching down the paths of a tree prior to searching across levels.

Breadth-First Approach

Searching across levels of a tree prior to searching down specific paths.

Knowledge-Based System

A software system that embodies and uses a specific set of information, from which it extracts and processes particular pieces.

Rule-Based System

A system that uses a set of rules to guide its processing.

Knowledge Base

The set of rules in an expert system.

Inference Engine

The part of the software that determines how rules are followed, and what conclusions can be drawn.

Artificial Neural Network

A computer representation of knowledge that attempts to mimic the neural networks of the human body.

Neuron

A single cell that conducts a chemically based electronic signal.

Effective Weight

The sum of the weights multiplied by the corresponding input values.

Training

The process of adjusting the weights and threshold values in a neural net.

Natural Language

Any language that humans use to communicate.

Phonemes

The set of fundamental sounds made in any given natural language.

Voiceprint

A voice that is plotted by the frequency changes of their sounds.

Lexical Ambiguity

The ambiguity created when words have multiple meanings.

Syntactic Ambiguity

The ambiguity created when sentences can be constructed in various ways.

Referential Ambiguity

The ambiguity created when pronouns could be applied to multiple objects.

Robotics

The study of robots.