Cytology & Histology Lecture Notes

Flashcards defining key terms and concepts related to cytology and histology for exam preparation.

Plasma membrane

The barrier that surrounds and protects the cell, controlling the movement of substances in and out.

Cytoplasm

The gel-like substance within the cell membrane that contains organelles.

Nucleus

The membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material.

Ribosomes

Cellular structures that synthesize proteins.

Endoplasmic reticulum

An organelle that assists in the synthesis and transport of proteins and lipids; can be rough or smooth.

Golgi apparatus

An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Lysosomes

Organelles that contain digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and cellular debris.

Peroxisomes

Organelles that contain enzymes for oxidation reactions; notably involved in breaking down fatty acids.

Mitochondria

Powerhouses of the cell that produce energy through the process of cellular respiration.

Epithelial tissue

A type of tissue that covers body surfaces and lines cavities and organs.

Connective tissue

A diverse group of tissues that support, bind, and protect other tissues and organs.

Muscle tissue

Tissue responsible for movement in the body; includes skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles.

Exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances onto an epithelial surface through ducts.

Endocrine glands

Glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

Simple squamous epithelium

A single layer of flat cells, facilitating diffusion and filtration.

Stratified squamous epithelium

Multiple layers of cells providing protection against abrasion.

Transition epithelium

Type of epithelium that can stretch, found in the bladder.

Passive transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy.

Active transport

The movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy, often against a concentration gradient.