cognitive SAQs intro paragraphs

model of memory intro paragraph

Model of memory=> multi store model

Sensory/ short term/ long term memory

There are sensory stimuli.

Sensory memory => attention=> short term memory

Memory is there until other information displace it.

Short term memory=> rehearse it=> long term memory

Long term memory=> re-use it after a long time (when we remember smt) => short term memory

Supported by Glanzer and Cunitz.

schema theory intro paragraph

We have schemas (mental representation in our mind, shaped by our previous experiences)

Guide our behaviour, shape our knowledge

Priming: when we are exposed to a stimulus we use schemas, which have an influence on our cognition and we act minding our schemas

People tend to remember more schema congruent information / omit schema incongruent information

model of thinking intro paragraph

One model of thinking=> Dual process model

We have 2 systems of thinking

System 1 thinking=> use heuristics (shortcuts) / fast and efficient, automatic and intuitive but prone to mistake and relies on previous experience (knowledge). Humans tend to use this as we are cognitive misers = lazy

System 2 thinking (slower, more effort and more rational and less prone to mistake, think carefully about what/ why smt is happening and how we might influence the situation.

reconstructive memory intro paragraph

Reconstructive memory theory: remembering is influenced by ≠ things, like perception, experience and beliefs .

People have schemas (mental representation based on previous knowledge/ experience)

Levelling: leave out detaills that are schema incongruent

Sharpening: when we remember trivial / small details that are schema congruent

Brewer and Treyens (1981) investigate role of schemas in encoding episodic memory (info about events, es how things looked)

bias in thinking ( cognitive bias / anchor bias) intro paragraph

The dual processing model theory argue that there are two systems of thinking.

One is more slow and rational, called system 2 thinking and is less used.

The other is system 1 thinking, more used as we are cognitive misers, meaning we are lazy. System 1 thinking is fast and efficient, relies on past experiences and on information immediately gaiven to us, however we are more prone to mistakes. When use system 1, we use heuristics, which are shortcuts to make decisions.

One cognitive bias is anchoring bias, and it occurs when we rely too heavily on the first piece of information to make a final decision. And it influences our decision.

influence of emotion in decision making intro paragraph

Strong emotions=> vivid, accurate and stong memories. (flaah bulb memories)

2 elements needed: surprise and personal meaning.

Researchers argued that there is a special mechanism in our bodies, so that biological factors play a role in encoding new memories, still don't know which they are.

If there is the combination of surprise and personal meaning and the special mechanism, the result is a flashbulb memory

automatic thinking intro paragraph

Dual processing model argues that we have two tsystems of thinking and decision making.

System 1thinking=> quick/ low effort/ use shortcuts to make decision called heuristics/ more prone to mistakes

System 2 thinking=> slowere, logical and rational, based on past knowledge and less pronbe to silly mistakes. This si also called rational thinking.

 (intro adattata da SAQ su rational thinking)

rational thinking intro paragraph

Dual processing model argues that we have two tsystems of thinking and decision making.

System 1thinking=> quick/ low effort/ use shortcuts to make decision called heuristics/ more prone to mistakes

System 2 thinking=> slowere, logical and rational, based on past knowledge and less pronbe to silly mistakes. This si also called rational thinking.

research method (experiment) intro paragraph

Research method in the cognitive approach: experiments

To establish cause and effect relationship between 2 variables

Researchers manipulates the IV and see its effect on the DV

Participants are randomly allocated in the conditions 

Environement is controlled => to ensure that the extraneous variable don't influence the conclusions.

ethics (deception) intro paragraph

Ethical consideration=> deception

What is deception (when participants are intentionally disinformed about the aim of the study/ or not made fully aware of the purpose of the study)

To avoid demand characteristic and the socially desirably effect.

Problem with informed consent (violates trust between participants and researcher)  => deception has to be justified

More participants withdraw at the end.

Important to use debriefing 

One study that used deception was Loftus and Pickrel