Unit 6 IDs

10% Reconstruction Plan (1863)

Introduced by President Lincoln, it proposed that a state be readmitted to the Union once 10 percent of its voters had pledged loyalty to the United States and promised to honor emancipation.

Wade Davis Bill

Passed by Congressional Republicans in response to Abraham Lincoln's "10 percent plan," it required that 50 percent of a state's voters pledge allegiance to the Union, and set stronger safeguards for emancipation. Reflected divisions between Congress and the President, and between radical and moderate Republicans, over the treatment of the defeated South.

Black Codes (1865-1866)

Laws passed throughout the South to restrict the rights of emancipated blacks, particularly with respect to negotiating labor contracts. Increased Northerners' criticisms of President Andrew Johnson's lenient Reconstruction policies.

Civil Rights Bill of 1866

Passed over Andrew Johnson's veto, the bill aimed to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and making it a crime to deprive blacks of their rights to sue, testify in court, or hold property.

14th Amendment (1868)

Constitutional amendment that extended civil rights to freedmen and prohibited states from taking away such rights without due process.

15th Amendment (1870)

Prohibited states from denying citizens the franchise on account of race. It disappointed feminists who wanted the Amendment to include guarantees for women's suffrage.

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Passed by the newly elected Republican Congress, it divided the South into five military districts, disenfranchised former confederates, and required that Southern states both ratify the Fourteenth Amendment and write state constitutions guaranteeing freedmen the franchise before gaining readmission to the Union.

Redeemers

Southern Democratic politicians who sought to wrest control from Republican regimes in the South after Reconstruction.

Scalawags

Derogatory term for pro-Union Southerners whom Southern Democrats accused of plundering the resources of the South in collusion with Republican governments after the Civil War.

Carpetbaggers

Pejorative used by Southern whites to describe Northern businessmen and politicians who came to the South after the Civil War to work on Reconstruction projects or invest in Southern infrastructure.

Ku Klux Klan

Extremist, paramilitary, right wing secret society founded mid 19c and revived 1920s; antiforeign, antiblack, antijewish, anti pacifist, anticommunist, anti internationalist, anti evolutionist, antibootlegger, but pro Anglo Saxon and pro Protestant; members cloaked in sheets to hide identities terrorized freedmen & sympathetic whites thru out south after civil war; by 1890s, klan-style violence and Democratic legislation succeeded in virtually disenfranchising all southern blacks

Force Acts of 1870 and 1871

Passed by Congress following a wave of Ku Klux Klan violence, the acts banned clan membership, prohibited the use of intimidation to prevent blacks from voting, and gave the U.S. military the authority to enforce the acts.

Tenure of Office Act (1867)

Required the President to seek approval from the Senate before removing appointees. When Andrew Johnson removed his secretary of war in violation of the act, he was impeached by the house but remained in office when the Senate fell one vote short of removing him.

"Waving the Bloody Shirt"

Use of civil war imagery by political candidates & parties to draw votes to their side of the ticket

Credit Mobilier Scandal (1872)

A construction company was formed by owners of the Union Pacific Railroad for the purpose of receiving government contracts to build the railroad at highly inflated prices and profits. In 1872 a scandal erupted when journalists discovered that the company had bribed congressmen and even the Vice President in order to allow the ruse to continue.

Tweed Ring

A symbol of Gilded Age corruption, "Boss" ____ and his deputies ran the New York City Democratic party in the 1860s and swindled $200 million from the city through bribery, graft, and vote-buying. Boss _____ was eventually jailed for his crimes and died behind bars.

Gilded Age

A term given to the period 1865-1896 by Mark Twain, indicating both the fabulous wealth and the widespread corruption of the era.

Patronage

A system, prevalent during the Gilded Age, in which political parties granted jobs and favors to party regulars who delivered votes on election day. it was both an essential wellspring of support for both parties and a source of conflict within the Republican party.

Compromise of 1877

The agreement that finally resolved the 1876 election and officially ended Reconstruction. In exchange for the Republican candidate, Rutherford B. Hayes, winning the presidency, Hayes agreed to withdraw the last of the federal troops from the former Confederate states. This deal effectively completed the southern return to white-only, Democratic-dominated electoral politics.

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last piece of federal civil rights legislation until the 1950s, the law promised blacks equal access to public accommodations and banned racism in jury selection, but the Act provided no means of enforcement and was therefore ineffective. In 1883, the Supreme Court declared most of the Act unconstitutional.

Sharecropping

Agricultural system that emerged after civil war in which black and white farmers rented land and residences from plantation owner in exchange for giving him certain "shares" of each year's crop; dominant form of south agriculture after civil war and landowners manipulated system to keep tenants in perpetual debt and unable to leave plantations

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of segregation laws, saying that as long as blacks were provided with "separate but equal" facilities, these laws did not violate the Fourteenth Amendment. This decision provided legal justification for the Jim Crow system until the 1950s.

Grandfather clause (1870s-1965)

A regulation established in many southern states in the 1890s that exempted from voting requirements (such as literacy tests and poll taxes) anyone who could prove that their ancestors ("grandfathers") had been able to vote in 1860. Since slaves could not vote before the Civil War, these clauses guaranteed the right to vote to many whites while denying it to blacks.

Homestead Act of 1862

A federal law that sold settlers 160 acres of land for about $30 if they lived on it for five years and improved it by, for instance, building a house on it. The act helped make land accessible to hundreds of thousands of westward-moving settlers, but many people also found disappointment when their land was infertile or they saw speculators grabbing up the best land.

Pacific Railroad Act (1862)

Helped fund the construction of the Union Pacific transcontinental railroad with the use of land grants and government bonds.

Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882

Federal legislation that prohibited most further Chinese immigration to the United States. This was the first major legal restriction on immigration in U.S. history.

Interstate Commerce Act (1887)

Congressional legislation that established the ______, compelled railroads to publish standard rates, and prohibited rebates and pools. Railroads quickly became adept at using the Act to achieve their own ends, but the Act gave the government an important means to regulate big business.

Horizontal Integration

The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors.

Vertical Integration

The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition.

Trust

A mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations, through ownership of its stock, to another company. The Standard Oil Company became known for this practice in the 1870s as it eliminated its competition by taking control of smaller oil companies.

Standard Oil Company (1870-1911)

John D. Rockefeller's company, formed in 1870, which came to symbolize the trusts and monopolies of the Gilded Age. By 1877 it controlled 95% of the oil refineries in the U.S. It was also one of the first multinational corporations, and at times distributed more than half of the company's kerosene production outside the U.S. By the turn of the century it had become a target for trust-busting reformers, and in 1911 the Supreme Court ordered it to break up into several dozen smaller companies.

Social Darwinism/Darwinists

Believers in the idea, popular in the late nineteenth century, that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest." Therefore, the wealthy had simply won a natural competition and owed nothing to the poor, and indeed service to the poor would interfere with this organic process. Some also applied this theory to whole nations and races, explaining that powerful peoples were naturally endowed with gifts that allowed them to gain superiority over others. This theory provided one of the popular justifications for U.S. imperial ventures like the Spanish-American war.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

A law that forbade trusts or combinations in business, this was landmark legislation because it was one of the first Congressional attempts to regulate big business for the public good. At first the law was mostly used to restrain trade unions as the courts tended to side with companies in legal cases. In 1914 the Act was revised so it could more effectively be used against monopolistic corporations.

Knights of Labor

The second national labor organization, organized in 1869 as a secret society and opened for public membership in 1881. They were known for their efforts to organize all workers, regardless of skill level, gender, or race. After the mid-1880s their membership declined for a variety of reasons, including their participation in violent strikes and discord between skilled and unskilled members.

Haymarket Square

A May Day rally that turned violent when someone threw a bomb into the middle of the meeting, killing several dozen people. Eight anarchists were arrested for conspiracy contributing to the disorder, although evidence linking them to the bombing was thin. Four were executed, one committed suicide, and three were pardoned in 1893.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

National fed trade unions included not only skilled workers founded 1886; led by Samuel Gompers for nearly 4 decades; sought to negotiate with employers for better kind of capitalism that rewarded workers fairly with better wages, hours & conditions; membership almost entirely white & male until mid 20c

Closed shop

A union-organizing term that refers to the practice of allowing only unionized employees to work for a particular company. The AFL became known for negotiating these agreements with employers, in which the employer would agree not to hire non-union members.

New Immigrants

Immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who formed a recognizable wave of immigration from the 1880s until 1924, in contrast to the immigrants from western Europe who had come before them. These new immigrants congregated in ethnic urban neighborhoods, where they worried many native-born Americans, some of whom responded with nativist anti-immigrant campaigns and others of whom introduced urban reforms to help the immigrants assimilate.

Tuskegee institute

A normal and industrial school led by Booker T. Washington in , Alabama. It focused on training young black students in agriculture and the trades to help them achieve economic independence. Washington justified segregated, vocational training as a necessary first step on the road to racial equality, although critics accused him of being too "accomodationist".

Battle of Little Bighorn (1876)

A particularly violent example of the warfare between whites and Native Americans in the late nineteenth century, also known as "Custer's Last Stand." In two days, June 25 and 26, 1876, the combined forces of over 2,000 Sioux, Cheyenne, and Arapaho Indians defeated and killed more than 250 U.S. soldiers, including Colonel George Custer. The battle came as the U.S. government tried to compel Native Americans to remain on the reservations and Native Americans tried to defend territory from white gold-seekers. This Indian advantage did not last long, however, as the union of these Indian fighters proved tenuous and the United States Army soon exacted retribution.

Battle of Wounded Knee (1890)

A battle between the U.S. Army and the Dakota Sioux, in which two hundred Native Americans and twenty-nine U.S. soldiers died. Tensions erupted violently over two major issues: the Sioux practice of the "Ghost Dance," which the U.S. government had outlawed, and the dispute over whether Sioux reservation land would be broken up because of the Dawes Act.

Dawes Severalty Act (1887)

Act that broke up NAI reservations and distributed the land to individual households; leftover land sold for money to fund US gov efforts to "civilize" NAI

mechanization of agriculture

The development of engine-driven machines, like the combine, which helped to dramatically increase the productivity of land in the 1870s and 1880s. This process contributed to the consolidation of agricultural business that drove many family farms out of existence.

Populists

Officially known as the People's party, they represented Westerners and Southerners who believed that U.S. economic policy inappropriately favored Eastern businessmen instead of the nation's farmers. Their proposals included nationalization of the railroads, a graduated income tax, and, most significantly, the unlimited coinage of silver.

Pullman Strike

A strike by railroad workers upset by drastic wage cuts. The strike was led by socialist Eugene Debs but not supported by the American Federation of Labor. Eventually President Grover Cleveland intervened, and federal troops forced an end to the strike. The strike highlighted both divisions within labor and the government's new willingness to use armed force to combat work stoppages.

Thaddeus Stevens

A Radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the Radical Republicans in Congress (before & after civil war)
also advocated for abolition & extension of civil rights to freed blacks

Hiram Revels

Black Mississippi senator elected to the seat that had been occupied by Jefferson Davis when the South seceded; first Afr American / non white person to serve in U.S. Congress; helped organize 2 regiments of colored troops during civil war

Jim crow

System of racial segregation in the American South from the end of Reconstruction until the mid-twentieth century. Based on the concept of "separate but equal" facilities for blacks and whites, the system sought to prevent racial mixing in public, including restaurants, movie theaters, and public transportation. An informal system, it was generally perpetuated by custom, violence, and intimidation.

Poll tax

A tax of a fixed amount per person and payable as a requirement for the right to vote

Literacy test

A test administered as a precondition for voting, often used to prevent African Americans from exercising their right to vote.

Turner thesis 1893

Theory that claimed that the frontier had played a key role in forming the American character.

The historian _____ argued that the frontier was the key factor in the development of American democracy and institutions; he maintained that the frontier served as a "safety valve" during periods of economic crisis.

Rutherford B Hayes

19th president of the united states, was famous for being part of the _____-Tilden election in which electoral votes were contested in 4 states, most corrupt election in US history; N troops pulled out of S & led to end of reconstruction

James Garfield

barely won pop vote but won electoral by huge margin; attacked political corruption & won back prestige for presidency that had been lost with reconstruction; the 20th President of the US; he died two months after being shot and six months after his inauguration.

Grover Cleveland

22nd and 24th president, Democrat, Honest and hardworking, fought corruption, vetoed hundreds of wasteful bills, achieved the Interstate Commerce Commission and civil service reform, violent suppression of strikes; only pres to serve 2 nonconsecutive terms

Benjamin Harrison

23rd President; Republican, poor leader, introduced the McKinley Tariff and increased federal spending to a billion dollars

William Jennings Bryan

United States lawyer and politician who advocated free silver and prosecuted John Scopes (1925) for teaching evolution in a Tennessee high school (1860-1925)

Democratic candidate for president in 1896 under the banner of "free silver coinage" which won him support of the Populist Party.

politician and dominating force in liberal wing of dem party; didn't support gold standard, railroads, or banks but did support populist dem, free silver, anti imperialism, trust busting and farming interest and improved conditions for urban working class; "cross of gold" speech

JP Morgan

An influential banker and businessman who bought and reorganized companies. His US Steel company would buy Carnegie steel and become the largest business in the world in 1901

Banker who buys out Carnegie Steel and renames it to U.S. Steel. Was a philanthropist in a way; he gave all the money needed for WWI and was payed back. Was one of the "Robber barons"

banker who financed reorganization of RRs, insurance companies, banks; helped org GE and instrumental in creating modern American economy

Open shop

a company whose workers are hired without regard to their membership in a labor union

Cornelius Vanderbilt

United States financier who accumulated great wealth from railroad and shipping businesses (1794-1877)

A railroad owner who built a railway connecting Chicago and New York. He popularized the use of steel rails in his railroad, which made railroads safer and more economical.

business tycoon who amassed fortune in steamboat business and invested this fortune in consolidating many smaller RR lines under one company: New York central RR

Alexander Graham Bell

Invented the telephone, greatly improving communications on country

Thomas Alva Edison

This scientist received more than 1,300 patents for a range of items including the automatic telegraph machine, the phonograph, improvements to the light bulb, a modernized telephone and motion picture equipment.

Andrew Carnegie

A Scottish-born American industrialist and philanthropist who founded the _____ Steel Company in 1892. By 1901, his company dominated the American steel industry.

Carnegie Steel

Steel company created by _____. Produced the largest portion of the nation's steel

A steel producing company created by ______ to manage business at his steel mills in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area in the late 19th century. Significance: had a monopoly in the steel industry. vertical integrations.

John D. Rockefeller

Was an American industrialist and philanthropist. Revolutionized the petroleum industry and defined the structure of modern philanthropy.

Established the Standard Oil Company, the greatest, wisest, and meanest monopoly known in history (1st great U.S. trust business)

Mary Harris "Mother" Jones

organized coal miners, their wives, and their children to fight for better working conditions

one of the most prominent organizers of the child labor laws. Her help led to the passage of child labor laws, and she led the march of injured mill children on Teddy Roosevelt's White House

She was a labor activist that took up the plight of women in the work world in the late 1800s.

social reformer & leader in labor movement in US; fiery orator with flair for publicity; nationally famous for bringing to public attention issues like forced child labor and worker safety

Samuel Gompers

He was the creator of the American Federation of Labor. He provided a stable and unified union for skilled workers.

WEB Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination, helped create NAACP in 1910

a militant black reformer who graduated from Harvard and was not wholly excepted by either the white or black community (he was of a mixed background). He was critical of Washington's ideas (accommodation) and was a founder of both the NAACP and the Niagara Movement

Booker T Washington

proponent of gradual gain of equal rights for African-Americans

Prominent black American, born into slavery, who believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society, was head of the Tuskegee Institute in 1881. His book "Up from Slavery."

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

encouraged blacks to keep to selves and focus on daily tasks rather than leading grand uprising

An ex-slave who saved his money to buy himself an education. He believed that blacks must first gain economic equality before they gain social equality. He was President of the Tuskegee Institute and he was a part of the Atlanta Compromise. He believed that blacks should be taught useful skills so that whites would see them as useful.

Old immigrants

immigrants who had come to the US before the 1880s from Britain, Germany, Ireland, and Scandenavia, or Northern Europe (N/W euro often Protestants who came to us earlier in 19c and often settled in rural areas)

Indian Reservation System

Put Indians on seperate land, U.S. promised to provide food, money, and goods, U.S. failed to uphold their end and reservations are very dilapidated

Indian reservation system established tracts of land called reservations for Native Americans to live on as white settlers took over their land.

In the late 1800s, the federal government set aside areas of land in the West and forced Indian nations to relocate to them or face the U.S. military. These reservations tended to be on lands that were the least desirable to white settlers (usually unsuitable for farming or resource extraction). The reservations represent only a tiny fraction of Western land that Indian nations controlled a century prior.

allotted land with designated boundaries to NAI tribes in west; begin 1850s and end with Dawes act; w/in reservations most land owned communally rather than individual; cleared land of NAI for western expansion

Andrew Johnson

17th President of the United States, A Southerner form Tennessee, as V.P. when Lincoln was killed, he became president. He opposed radical Republicans who passed Reconstruction Acts over his veto. The first U.S. president to be impeached, he survived the Senate removal by only one vote. He was a very weak president.

Edwin Stanton

Popular Secretary of War who is fired by Johnson and leads to Johnson's impeachment (& war dem)

3 Frontiers

mining, - discovery of gold/other metals in CA, CO, and Nevada resulted in ppl flocking to great west

ranching - cattle; cattle drives which ended with invention of barbed wire and poor weather conditions which killed grass

and farming — started with homestead act which incentivized farmers to move west