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joint-stock company

Companies made up of group of investors who bought the right to establish colonies

Virginia Company

The first joint-stock company in the colonies; founded Jamestown

Jamestown

First permanent British colony established in New World (in 1607); Located in Virginia

Captain John Smith

Jamestown's survival was largely due to his leadership; established harsh martial law in the colony to ensure that those who did not work would not eat

John Rolfe

Eased tensions between colonists and Indians when he married Pocahontas; brought tobacco seeds to Jamestown

Pocahontas

Chief Powatan's daughter; Instrumental in preserving peace in Jamestown

royal colony

Colony administered by a royal governor appointed by the king or queen of the mother country; Ex. VA, NY

Puritans

Protestants who wished to purify the Anglican Church by breaking away from Catholic practices and barring people from the church who were not commited

Pilgrims (Separatists)

Radical Protestants who wished to break from the Anglican Church entirely; Left England and settled in Plymouth

Plymouth Colony (Plymouth Bay)

Chosen as the settlement site by the Pilgrims; located in present-day MA

Mayflower

Ship the Pilgrims sailed on to establish their colony in Plymouth

Mayflower Compact

Regarded not as a constitution but as an agreement; Recognized James I as sovereign leader and all settlers as governing body; Agreed to majority rule

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Founded in 1629 by non-Seperatist Puritans

John Winthrop

Governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony; Wished to create "city upon a hill" in which morals were strictly enforced

Virginia House of Burgesses

First miniature parliament authorized by London Company in 1619 in British American colonies

Chesapeake Colonies

Comprised of Maryland and VirginiaI; had characteristics of both the Middle and Southern colonies - slavey and tobacco (South), farmed grain (Middle)

Act of Toleration (1649)

Guaranteed religious freedom for those who asserted the divinity of Jesus Christ (excluded Atheists and Jews)

Sir William (Governor) Berkeley

Enacted friendly policies toward the Indians, eventually leading to Bacon's Rebellion

Bacon's Rebellion

former indentured servant led an uprising against Jamestown/Governor Berkley; SIGNIFICANCE: colonists began to realize how dangerous indentured servants were becoming and upped slave imports

indentured servant

Individuals whose voyages to the New World were paid by others; in return for the free voyage, they would have to work for the provider for a certain period of time

Roger Williams

Minister from Salem; extreme Separatist who argued legality of MBC and Plymouth b/c both colonies were built on Indian land which the King had no authority over; Strongly believed in separation of church and state

Providence

In present-day RI; Established by Roger Williams on land he purchased from the Indians; Vowed to accepts all settlers regardless of their beliefs

Anne Hutchinson

Dubbed a heretic and banished from MBC b/c of her radical beliefs in antinomianism

antinomianism

Essentially anarchy; Hutchinson's believe that man did not need to follow laws as his behavior has not bearing on his predestined outcome

William Penn

Founded Pennsylvania as a haven for Quakers and as an experiment of liberal ideas in gov't while making a profit

James Oglethorpe

founded GA, the last British American colony established, as a haven for debtors as well as a buffer state to prevent any Indian or Spanish incursions from the South (FL)

mercantilism

Idea that colonies existed solely for the benefit of the mother country; provided raw material and resources for England; goal is to export more than import

triangular trade

trade b/t colonies, West Indies, and Africa; Indies sent sugar to New England, NE sent rum to Indies, Africa sent slaves to Indies, Indies sent slaves to NE, Indies sent rum to Africa

Middle Passage

The journey slaves took across the Atlantic from Africa to the colonies

Great Awakening

First mass social movement in American history; religious revival initiated by Jonathan Edwards; had particular appeal with women and young men.

Jonathan Edwards

credited with starting the Great Awakening in Northampton in 1734; encouraged the idea of salvation thru good works and emphasized eternal damnation; powerful, logical writer and speaker

George Whitefield

most influential figure of The Great Awakening; amazing orator who appealed to the Bible; founded methodism in GA and SC

Benjamin Franklin

Writings had huge impact on shaping the American character; helped establish the University of Pennsylvania

John Peter Zenger

Put on trial for criticizing the corrupt moral governor; claimed that he was only printing the truth, not libel; jury ruled in favor of Zenger thus giving editors a bit more freedom as to what they could print

town meetings

Held in New England as a form of local administration

Sir Walter Raleigh

English elite who established the Lost Colony of Roanoke in present-day NC

St. Augustine

First Spanish settlement in Florida, 1565

New Amsterdam

Founded as a sea port and company town by the Dutch; later renamed New York

Navigation Acts

Trade laws that would guarantee that the British government would have a financial share of all colonial exports

Columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Encomienda System

Spanish system in the New World to exact tribute and labor from natives.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century led by Pope; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Headright System

50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more settlers to the colony

Eastern Woodland Native Americans

The multi-lingual, nomadic, farming tribes that lived to the East of the Mississippi River in small, self-governing, family-based clans that were led by elders, selected by the governed or eldest women. Relatively easy access to fertile farmland, among an abundance of other natural resources.

Great Plains Native Americans

Nomadic tribes lived by hunting buffalo from their horses, lived in small bands even though their tribes; Lack of natural resources

Southwestern Native Americans

Lived in a desert region, used adobe brick to build pueblos. Irrigated the land using rivers to grow crops.

Women in Puritan New England

were expected to devote themselves to serving the needs of their husbands and households.