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amoebozoa common traits
no flagella or outside tendril — move with lobopodia
loss of functional mitochondria
entamoeba histolytica trophozoite
central endosome in nucleus
smooth nuclear membrane chromatin
RBC in vacuoles
entamoeba histolytica cyst
4 nuclei with central endosome
smooth nuclear membrane chromatin
round chromatid bars
entamoeba histolytica geographical location
globally widespread— escpecially in central america, central africa, and south asia
entamoeba histolytica pathology
etiological agent of amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis)
produces enzymes that lyse host cells resulting in flask shaped ulcer in wall.
results in peritonitis of wall of LI— can lead to sepsis (the killer)
can move to ectopic sites via portal vein/circulatory system
entamoeba histolytica symptoms
90% cases asymptomatic
dysentery, cramping, abdominal pain, water or bloody diarrhea, weight loss
entamoeba histolytica site of infection
Large intestine
entamoeba histolytica life cycle
monoxenous
not zooinotic
entamoeba histolytica infectious stage
cyst
entamoeba histolytica primary site of infection
lumen of the large intestine
entamoeba histolytica symptoms
dysentery, cramping, abdominal pain, water or bloody diarrhea, weight loss
entamoeba histolytica cause of symptoms
produce enzyme to lyse host cells
creates flask shaped ulcer in wall as it consumes cells of submucosa
can result in peritonitis if wall of LI is perforated by ulcer
can move to ectopic sites
entamoeba histolytica diagnosis
cysts in feces, x-rays in ectopic sites, PCR and serological assays
entamoeba histolytica treatment
antibiotics (metronidazole, tinidazole); nitazoxanide
entamoeba histolytica transmission
cysts in water and food
hand to mouth
anal sex
whos at risk for entamoeba histolytica
tropical and subtropical regions of central and south america, asia, africa
Acanthamoeba polyphaga troph stage
amoeboid form
filliform pseudopodia (no flagella)
Acanthamoeba polyphaga cyst stage
irregular cyst wall
Acanthamoeba polyphaga parasitism requirements
facultative parasite: in the environment. doesnt need a host or to be parasitic—but can be pathogenic when encountered
Acanthamoeba polyphaga lifecycle
monoxenous, even with facultative living
Acanthamoeba polyphaga transmission
contact lens solution
hot tubs
can enter humans through the eye, nasal, or broken skin
Acanthamoeba polyphaga pathology
etiological agent of Acanthamoeba keratitis—infection of the eye
can cause disease in other places
Acanthamoeba polyphaga infectious stage
troph
Acanthamoeba polyphaga diagnosis
troph and cyst in culture from the eye and serology
Acanthamoeba polyphaga symptoms
ulceration of cornea
stays fairly surface level. but still damaging to—-vision loss
Acanthamoeba polyphaga treatment
topical antibiotic but hard to treat
Alveolata: phylum ciliophora characteristics
multiple cilia
infraciliature (allows all cilia to move together)
macro and micro nucleus
Balantioides coli troph
multiple cilia, macro nucleus and micronucleus
gigantic as far as protozoians go
Balantioides coli cyst
macro and micro nucleus
Balantioides coli life cycle
zoonotic in pigs
monoxenous — pig is alternate host, not intermediate host so doesn’t count as hetero
Balantioides coli infective stage
cyst
Balantioides coli pathology
etiological agent of Balantidiosis
produces enzymes to lyse host cells—creates flask shaped ulcer in wall of large intestine
can move to ectopic site
Balantioides coli symptoms
can be asymptomatic
chronic infections: no bloody diarrhea, cramping, bad breath, abdominal pain
acute infection: mucoid, bloody stool, dysentery
Balantioides coli site of infection
colon and cecum (large intestine)
Balantioides coli geographic distribution
global, but not high in numbers
pig farmers and pig raising regions at risk
water is vehicle for most cases, but human-human transfer possible
ciliates of non-human hosts in aquariums
ichthyophthirius multifilis
cryptocaryon irritans