HIST 1302 Exam 2

Anselmi

Nativism

Promoting or Protecting native borns over the immigrants

Social Darwinism

Pseudoscientific theory that claimed that certain groups are inherently superior than others, resulting in “survival of the fittest”

Herbert Spencer

advocate for Social Darwinism doctrine

White Man’s Burden

By Rudyard Kipling, a poem saying that it’s the duty of the white to civilize and the non-white population even through hardship or sacrifice. US taking over the Phillipines

Philippine - American War

Conflict between the US and the Philippines after the Spanish-American War that the U.S. gained control of the Philippines

Alfred Thayer Mahan

Wrote Mahanism

U. S. S. Maine

This was exploded to give the US the justification to enter the Spanish-American War. It is said that the explosion was actually because of a mechanical malfunction.

Fundamentalism

Strict religious belief that maintained the literal truth of the words in a holy book.

Imperialism

A country extends its power and control over other nations often by force

Theodore Roosevellt

• United Mine workers

• Northern Securities Cas

Mahanism

Mahanism: 3 steps to become a major world power: Build a big navy, build the canal in Central America and taking over the Pacific Islands.

William H. Seward

Negotiated the 1867 purchase of Alaska for 7.2 million dollars. The Congress naemd it “Seward’s Folly”. But oil, gold, natural gases and silver, were all found in Alaska

Spanish - American War

Conflict between the U.S. and Spain. Started with eh explosion of the USS Maine. End with the Treaty of Paris (1898) and Spain relinquishing Cuba, Guam, Puerto Rico and selling the Phillipines

Annexation of Hawai’i

Annexed in 1897. Had a monarchy and was independent until it got illegal snatched by the US. Last queen was Lil’uokalani

Yellow Journalism

Spanish-American War: Intentional sensationalizing and exaggerating headlines in order to tell more.

Immigration Restriction League

founded in 1894 by Harvard graduates, advocating for stricter immigration policies, particularly from Southern and Eastern Europe

Teller Amendment

Adopted on April 20, 1898, declared that the State will not annex Cuba after the Spanish-American War and would support their independence.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

It officially ended the Spanish American War.

Platt Amendment

Outlined the conditions for the US withdrawal from Cuba after the war, giving the US significant influence over Cuban affairs.

Panama Canal

51 mile waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans across the Isthmus of Panama.

Anarchism

Idea that no one should be forced into any kind of hierarchy

Great Depression

Franklin Roosevelt

President during the Great Depression, implementing the New Deal.

Herbert Hoover

Led the U.S. Food Administration during WW1. Foods was rationed and ideas of victory gardens were introduced. Meatless Mondays and Wheatless Wednesday.

Adolf Hitler

German Leader, dictator to Nazi Germany, and leader of the Holocaust.

Franz Ferdinand

Austrian Archduke who was assassinated by a suspected Bosnia Assassination group leading to WWI.

Causes of WWI

Triple Alliance; Germany, Italy and Austria- Hungary, Triple Entente Russia, France, Great Britain. Everyone wanted land, everyone got into groups and the assassination finally set it off.

Trench Warfare

Type of land warfare using trenches for protection. 500 miles long and led to things like the trench fever

Lusitania

A British ocean liner sunk by a German submarine in 1915, leading to significant public outcry and contributing to U.S. entry into WWI.

Unrestricted Submarine Warfare

Germany first employed this giving the a strategic advantage. It could attack ships stealthily, leading to significant naval disruption. certain laws were set that submarines could only target only military and cargo ships, but Germany broke this

Fourteen Points

Speech for peace by Woodrow Wilson

Woodrow Wilson

in his administration, he initially opposed entering WWI, prioritizing stability and peacetime

Versailles Treaty

Treaty to punish Germany: Limits their military, no imperial territories, Reparations: pay money and the War Guilt Clause: Germany should take the full blame for WWI

Zimmerman Telegram

Letter from Germany to Mexico. Claimed to give Mexico the land that the US took from them if they attacked the U.S. The letter was intercepted and this was the final straw from the US and they finally joined the war

World War I

World War II

Vladmir Lenin

Gave rise to the Soviet Union. Bolsheviks promote communism (Soviet Communist Party)

Treaty of Brest - Litovsk

Peace between Russia and Germany, Russia gives Germany more land, angering Russian Citizens

Reparations

Pay back for the war

Spanish Flu

A deadly influenza pandemic that occurred in 1918-1919, infecting about one-third of the world's population and resulting in millions of deaths.

Anti-German Hysteria

Targeted German-Americans and their culture, harassing, discriminating, and persecuting them, with the fear that German/Americans could be disloyal to the U.S.

Red Scare

Panic caused by the fear of immigrants, particularly those who embraces communists, socialists and anarchists ideologies.

Flapper

Young women in the 1920’s who challenged traditional Victorian ideas about women’s roles and behaviour

Volstead Act

National Prohibition Act, enacted in 1919 to enforce the 18th amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation of alcoholic beverages

Consumerism

Ideology that that emphasizes the consumption of goods and services as a primary drive of the economy.

Assembly Line

Manufacturing process in which the product moves in a line and each worker or machines provides a specific task to create a finished product.

Comformity

the tendency for an individual to align their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with those of the people around them.

Jazz Age

Period in the 1920s and early 1930a known for the rise of jazz music and dance styles,

Louis Armstrong

A pioneering Jazz trumpet player and vocalist, considered on of the most influential figures in jazz history. He symbolized the civil rights struggle which was part of changing America for the blacks.

Al Capone

Ruthless leader of the mob, surprisingly clean when searched by the police, they couldn’t find evidence. Ended up going to jail for tax evasion

Bootleggers

Someone who sells alcohol illegally

Valentine’s Day Massacre

Four men, posed as police officer, lined gang members against the wall and opened fire, killing them all. While Al Capone was suspected for orchestrating the massacre, no one was convicted for it.

Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Italian Immigrants, self-proclaimed anarchists, accused of murder. Put on Trial by Webster Thayer. Executed and sentences them to death.

National Origins Act

Of 1924. Set a quota of immigrants coming into the U.S. Based on their population (1% in the U.S.) in the 1890 census

Ku Klux Klan

Originally Anti-Black, from the 1920s, they became Anti-Catholic, Jewish and Immigrant. 100% Americanism

Aimee Semple McPherson

Evangelist of a movement called the “Revival”. Hundreds of people show up for these revivals, which dramatically increased church attendance and the different sects of Christianity.

Billy Sunday

Evangelist of a movement called the “Revival”. Hundreds of people show up for these revivals, which dramatically increased church attendance and the different sects of Christianity.

New Deal

Programs and Policies by Franklin D. Roosevelt in response to the Great Depression. Includes: Relief, Recovery, and Reform, Emergency Banking Act, Agricultural Adjustment Act, Works Progress Administration, Securities and Exchange Commission, Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, Social Security Act: Old Age Pension Plan, Medicare.

Benito Mussolini

Italian Fascist, founder of the Italian Fascist Party, was executed by Italian Partisans in 1945 (shot by Walter Audisio) and being captured.

Aunschluss

Means “Connections/Joining”. This event is when Germany annexes the neighboring country of Austria in 1938.

Sudetenland

A region in northern Czechoslovakia with a majority ethnic German population. The name for the northern, southern, and western areas of former Czechoslovakia inhabited by Sudeten Germans.

Poland

In 1939, there were invaded and occupied in NazI germany and the Soviet Union in 1939 (Including the Holocaust)

Bonus March

Protest movement in 1932, where unemployed WWI veterans, their families, and supporters marched in Washington D.C. demanding early payment of their promised bonuses.

FRQ: Sacco and Vanzetti Case

Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti: Italian immigrants, self-proclaimed anarchists, accused of murder. Put on trial, the judge was Thayer. They were executed and sentenced to death.

Webster Thayer, the Judge in this case, was prejudiced and referred to them as “anarchist bastards”. He wouldn't let the evidence be proven. A case justified as xenophobia and nativism.

FRQ: Spanish-American War

SPANISH AMERICAN WAR (War of 1898): lasted about three months

Yellow Journalism: Intentional sensationalizing and exaggerating headlines in order to sell more. The explosion of the USS Maine was used to blame Spain and declare war on Spain. The ship actually was because of a mechanical malfunction.

More Americans (about 2000) died in the Spanish-American War from eating rotten canned meat than in the actual war.

Treaty of Paris (1898): It officially ended the Spanish-American War

Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam: They were all owned by the Spanish but went to the U.S.

FRQ: U.S. Entrance into WWI

Woodrow Wilson’s Administrations initially opposed entering WWI, prioritizing stability and peacetime until Germany employed unrestricted submarine warfare which was used to sink numerous US merchant and naval boats leading to a shift in opinion. Then the Zimmerman Telegram: letter from Germany to Mexico. It said that it will give Mexico the land that the U.S. took from them if they attack the U.S. The letter was intercepted, and that was the final straw for the U.S. In late 1917, the US finally declared war on Germany and its allies. Entered in the spring of 1918, and the war ended in November 1918.

FRQ: Scopes Trial

Also known as “the Scopes Monkey Trial” was a case in Dayton Tennessee, where high school teacher, John Scopes was charged with violating the Butler Act (made it illegal to teach and theory that denied the divine creation of man as an in the bible). William Jennings Bryan (a three-time Presidential Candidate) led the prosecution. The trial, was broadcasted live on the radio, attracted media attention turning to into a spectacle. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 but that conviction was later overturned by the Tennessee Supreme Court.

FRQ: Bonus March

FRQ: Failure of Prohibition

The Volstead Act exempted alcohol that was used for medicinal or cosmetic purposes, such as hair tonics and elixirs, and for religious purposes, specifically sacramental wine. This led more people that claimed to be Christians/ priests in order for them to access alcohol. The high demand for alcohol also led to the creation of the black market for smuggling alcohol in the United States by the bootleggers. And the prohibition is considered to have contributed significantly to the growth of organized crime syndicates, as they took advantages of the opportunity to control the illegal alcohol trade. Due to its failure to curb alcohol consumption, it was repealed by the 21st Amendment.

FRQ: Versailles Treaty

FRQ: Trench Warfare