APHug final

Agricultural Hearths

specific locations where agriculture and animal domestication first emerged

Fertile Crescent

Southwest Asia: wheat, barely, animals- pigs, goats and sheep

Southeast Asia

root crops, mango and coconuts, taro, peas

Central America

maize, beans, sweet potatoes, turkeys, squash and peppers

Sub Saharan Africa

yams, sorghum, coffee

Green Revolution

a period of significant technological advancements in agriculture

Goal of Green Revolution

to increase food production by introducing new farming techniques and technologies - pesticides, fertilizers and chemicals

Effects on grain

Increased grain production, but environmental and dependency issues

Expansion on cultivated areas

Growing farmland into new areas, often by clearing land (irrigation)

Shifting cultivation

slash and burn agriculture

Swidden

Burning vegetation to clear land for farming (slash-and-burn) required to move every 5 years, and 20 for the land to regenerate.

Predominant form of agriculture in US Southeast

commercial gardening - fruits

Type of agriculture near a large city

Market gardening or truck farming (fruits/vegetables = mean the same thing)

Primary locations of subsistence agriculture

Rural areas in Africa, South Asia, Southeast Asia, Latin America - amazon (subsistence in only specific part not whole)

Commercial Agriculture

Farming for sale, large-scale and profit-driven

Subsistence Agriculture

consumption

Development

Best defined as: Economic and social progress.

Technology as an indicator

Technology is an indicator of development.

GDP

Total value of goods/services produced in a country.

GNP vs GDP

GNP includes things that are done by American countries overseas (ex: nike factory in china counts to GNP and does NOT count to the GDP of America)

Primary Sector activities

Extracting natural resources (farming, fishing, mining)

Secondary Sector activities

Manufacturing and industry (factories, processing, construction)

Literacy differences

Higher in developed countries, lower in less developed countries.

Maternal Mortality rate and development

Higher in less developed countries, less technology in less developed countries = causing for more deaths!!!!

Adolescent fertility rate

Higher in less developed countries

Core

Wealthy, markets, cultural influence (USA, Australia, New Zealand, Western Europe)

Semi-periphery

Middle-income, developing, industrialized to some degree; things made for the core are made here (China, Brazil, Iran, India)

Periphery

Least developed; focuses on raw materials (e.g., parts of sub-Saharan Africa)

Percent of labor force in agriculture

Developed: ~2-5%, Less developed: >50%

Cottage industry

Small, home-based manufacturing

Bulk-gaining

Finished product weighs more (e.g., beverages, beer); factory near the market

Bulk-reducing

Raw materials weigh more (e.g., steel, toothpicks); factory near the resources

Factory Location

Near raw materials or markets whether it's bulk-gaining or bulk-reducing

Hinterland

Area served by a central place (city)

Range

Max distance people travel for a service

Threshold

Minimum population needed for a service

Gravity model

Interaction depends on size and distance; relationship is directly related to the amount of people in the area and inversely related to the amount of distance they have to travel

Rank-size rule

In a country, the nth largest city is 1/n the size of the largest city (e.g., in the US, the 2nd largest city is roughly 1/2 the size of the largest)

Food desert

Areas with limited access to affordable, healthy food, often in low-income neighborhoods; no fresh food (healthy, fruits, and vegetables)

Von Thunen's model

Explains land use around a city based on transportation costs; closer areas focus on intensive farming, farther areas on extensive farming or forestry

Primate Cities

The largest city in the country, more than twice as big; often a cultural or economic hub (e.g., Mexico City, London)

City models

Theories like Concentric Zone, Sector, or Multiple Nuclei explain city layout; CBD is the commercial and business center of a city, usually with high density and skyscrapers