basal ganglia & cerebellum 🏃‍♀️ dr candelaria

Pyramidal system; corticospinal, corticobulbar

1. Motor system circuit thats for Primary control of voluntary movement at precentral cortex,

2. through:

• ▪ X (Pyramidal tract)

• ▪ Y Pathways

Extrapyramidal system

Motor system circuit involving the Basal Ganglia (nuclei)

→ Cerebellum

→ Other integration centers:

▪ Thalamic nuclei

▪ Reticular formation

▪ Vestibular Nuclei

Basal ganglia

plays an important role in the control of posture and voluntary movement

Motor area, lower motor neurons

BG does not have direct input / output within the spinal cord. It also has NO DIRECT CNX to the

• X

• Y

Pre-motor & association

BG has DIRECT cnx to wc areas?

Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia

In Supra segmental control, the output of:

• X is excitatory to the cerebral cortex

• Y is inhibitory to cerebral cortex

Gray

BG is made of white/gray matter.

Corpus striatum, amygdaloid nucleus, claustrum

Big 3 components of BG

Corpus striatum & Claustrum; striatum & lentiform nucleus; caudate nucleus & putamen; globus pallidus & putamen

• The basal ganglia is made of X & Y.

• Corpus striatum is made of X & Y.

• Striatum is made of X & Y

• Lentiform nucleus is made of X & Y.

Corpus striatum

• Lateral to the thalamus (see Figure 5)

• Divided by the internal capsule into:

  • → Caudate Nucleus (Tail)

  • → Lenticular (Lentiform) Nucleus

Caudate nucleus

• C-shaped mass of gray matter (all BG is gray)

• Largest nucleus

• Lies dorsolateral to the thalamus

Inferior horn, Anterior horn, Body LV

Caudate n. is related to lateral ventricles:

• Roof of X horn

• Lateral wall of X horn

• Floor of X

Lentiform nucleus

• Collectively is a wedge-shaped mass of gray matter

• Related laterally to the external capsule

Amygdaloid nucleus

In temporal lobe near uncus

● Part of limbic system

→ Can influence the body’s response to environmental changes

→ Can affect blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate when afraid (AM so afraiddd)

Claustrum

Thin sheet of gray matter

● Separated from the lateral surface of the lentiform nucleus

(putamen + globus pallidus) by the external capsule

Substantia nigra, parkinsonism

• Lies in upper (rostral) midbrain between the cerebral

peduncle and tegmentum

● Appears brownish black due to neuromelanin

● Disorder: ?

Subthalamic nucleus, ballism

● Shape of a biconvex lens between the thalamus and tegmentum

● Function: integration of smooth movements of different parts of the body

● Disorder: ?

Eyy we x~ (nct is full of subs)

Progress

The BG:

• monitors X of movement

• Participates in sequencing & autonomic execution of learned motor plans

• Does not initiate movement, bc that happens in the Pyramidal Tract.

Contralateral, Involuntary, No

The BG exhibits:

• effects IPSI/CONTRA lateral to the lesion?

• Strength of ms persists but there is emergence of X movement when there is a lesion

• Thus there is (yes/no) Atrophy

Glutamate, GABA

• Excitatory neurotransmitter

• INHIBITORY NEUROTRANSMITTER

Indirect, thalamus, glutamate, excited, more, ; GABA, increase

PRINCIPLES:

• Control of BG to motor cortex is DIRECT/INDIRECT via the ? (치와와)

• Since the BG is INHIBITORY:

  • An excited thalamus = release X, excited/inhibited motor cortex? = more/less movement? Because what leash has loosened?

  • But if the BG which are alr inhibitory is excited = release X, inc/dec inhibition?