Spread of Islam (COMBINED)

All Spread of Islam study sets put together.

1324-1325

Mansa Musa's pilgrimage to Mecca

Trans-Saharan trade

Route across the Sahara desert. Major trade route that traded for gold and salt, created caravan routes, economic benefit for controlling dessert, camels played a huge role in the trading

Ibn Battuta

[1304-1369 CE] Moroccan Muslim scholar, the most widely traveled individual of his time. He wrote a detailed account of his visits to Islamic lands from China to Spain and the western Sudan. His writings gave a glimpse into the world of that time period.

Ghana

First known kingdom in sub-Saharan West Africa between the sixth and thirteenth centuries C.E. Also the modern West African country once known as the Gold Coast due to it's large gold and salt trade.

Sundiata

The "Lion Prince"; a member of the Keita clan; created a unified state that became the Mali Empire; died about 1260

Mali

The kingdom in West Africa that followed the Kingdom of Ghana; its wealth is also based on trans-Saharan trade; this kingdom encouraged the spread of Islam.

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali (r. 1312-1337). His extravagant pilgrimage through Egypt to Mecca in 1324-1325 established the empire's reputation for wealth in the Mediterranean world.

Songhai

A West African empire that conquered Mali and controlled trade from the 1400s to 1591

Bantu Migrations

Farmers and herders who migrated to southern Africa and spread language and skills - 1000 BCE to 1000 CE

Indian Ocean Trade

World's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa

Swahili city-states

City coasts that actively participated in Indian Ocean trade along the East coast of the African continent

Dhows

Arab sailing vessels with triangular or lateen sails; strongly influenced European ship design

Lateen sails

A triangular sail attached to a short mast

Junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Great Zimbabwe

A powerful state in the African interior that apparently emerged from the growing trade in gold to the East African coast; flourished between 1250 and 1350 C.E.

Monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons

476

Fall of Western Roman Empire

527

Peak of Byzantine Empire; Rule of Justinian

1054

Great Schism

1096-1270

Crusades try to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims

1347-1351

Black Death devastates Europe

Byzantine Empire

[330-1453 CE] The eastern half of the Roman Empire, which survived after the fall of the Western Empire at the end of the 5th century C.E. Its capital was Constantinople, named after the Emperor Constantine.

Constantinople

A large and wealthy city that was the imperial capital of the Byzantine empire and later the Ottoman empire, now known as Istanbul

Justinian I

[r. 527-565] Byzantine emperor that reunited the parts of the Roman empire, simplified Roman laws with Justinian's Code, and ordered the Hagia Sophia built.

Justinian's Code

Laws of the Byzantine empire based on the Twelve Tables of Roman law, became a basis for laws in many European nations

Hagia Sophia

The Cathedral of Holy Wisdom in Constantinople, built by order of the Byzantine emperor Justinian

Iconoclasm

Greek for "image-breaking," is the deliberate destruction within a culture of the culture's own religious icons and other symbols or monuments. In the 8th and 9th Century, Byzantine rulers banned religious images increasing the divide between east and west in the Christian Church.

Great Schism

[1054 CE]The separation of the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

Battle of Manzikert

[1071 CE] Seljuk Turks defeat Byzantine armies in this battle in Anatolia; shows the declining power of Byzantium.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453-1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Caucasus, and eastern Europe.

589-618

Sui Dynasty; returns China to centralized rule

618-907

Tang Dynasty in China

960-1279

Song Dynasty in China

1206-1526

Delhi Sultanate rules India

Indian Ocean Trade

World's richest maritime trading network that was essential for the prosperity of East Africa

Junk

A very large flatbottom sailing ship produced in the Tang and Song Empires, specially designed for long-distance commercial travel.

Monsoon winds

The seasonal wind of the Indian Ocean and southern Asia, blowing from the southwest in summer and from the northeast in winter. (in India and nearby lands) the season during which the southwest monsoon blows, commonly marked by heavy rains; rainy season. any wind that changes directions with the seasons

Delhi Sultanate

The first Islamic government established within India from 1206-1520. Controlled a small area of northern India and was centered in Delhi.

Sultan

Military and political leader with absolute authority over a Muslim country

Sufis

Muslim mystics who seek communion with God through meditation, fasting, and other rituals

Hinduism

A religion and philosophy developed in ancient India, characterized by a belief in reincarnation and a supreme being who takes many forms

Bhakti Movement

Indian movement that attempted to transcend the differences between Hinduism and Islam

Caste System

a set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society

Sui Dynasty

[581-618 CE] The short dynasty between the Han and the Tang. Reunified China, built the Grand Canal, strengthened the government, and introduced Buddhism to China.

Tang Dynasty

[618-907 CE] The Chinese dynasty that was much like the Han, who used Confucianism. This dynasty was a Golden Age in China utilizing things such as the equal-field system, a bureaucracy based on merit, gunpowder, printing, and a Confucian education system.

Buddhism

Belief system that started in India in the 500s BC. Happiness can be achieved through removal of one's desires. Believers seek enlightenment and the overcoming of suffering.

Song Dynasty

[960-1279 CE] Chinese dynasty that ruled the country during one of its most brilliant cultural epochs. It is commonly divided into Northern and Southern periods, as the dynasty ruled only in South China after 1127. This dynasty emphasized the Civil Service System as Neo-Confucianism emerged during this time. Additionally, it introduced Champa Rice and Flying Money which greatly impacted the population and economy of China respectively.

Neo-Confucianism

A philosophy that emerged in Song-dynasty China; it revived Confucian thinking while adding in Buddhist and Daoist elements.

Civil Service System

Administrative system of the traditional Chinese government, the members of which were selected by a competitive examination over Confucian values and teachings, creating a meritocracy and one of the only major outlets for social mobility. The system led to the rise of the Scholar-Gentry class during the Tang Dynasty, which grew in power and status during the Song Dynasty.

Champa Rice

Quick-maturing rice that can allow two harvests in one growing season. Originally introduced into Champa from India, it was later sent to China during the Song Dynasty as a tribute gift by the Champa state (as part of the tributary system.) Contributed to the rapidly growing Chinese population.

Yuan Dyansty

[1279-1368 CE] Dynasty in China set up by the Mongols under the leadership of Kublai Khan, replaced the Song

Kublai Khan

[1215-1294 CE] Grandson of Genghis Khan and founder of the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China.

Ming Dynasty

[1368-1644 CE] Succeeded Mongol Yuan dynasty in China; initially mounted huge trade expeditions to southern Asia and elsewhere, but later concentrated efforts on internal development within China.

610

Year when Muhammed received his first revelation from the angel Gabriel

622

Hijrah to Medina; Islam begins

632-661

Rashidun Caliphate - Era of Rightly Guided Caliphs

661-750

Umayyad Caliphate

750-1258

Abbasid Caliphate

1258

Mongols sack Baghdad; Destroy Islamic House of Wisdom

Muhammad

[~570-632 CE] the founder of Islam and the proclaimer of the Qurʾān.

Qur'an

The sacred scripture of Islam. According to conventional Islamic belief, it was revealed by the angel Gabriel to the Prophet Muhammad in the West Arabian towns Mecca and Medina beginning in 610 and ending with Muhammad's death in 632 CE

Islam

A religion based on the teachings of the prophet Muhammed which stresses belief in one god (Allah), Paradise and Hell, and a body of law written in the Quran. Followers are called Muslims. Second largest religion on Earth.

Hadith

Record of the traditions or sayings of the Prophet Muhammad, revered and received as a major source of religious law and moral guidance, second only to the authority of the Qurʾān

Pillars of Islam

The five duties incumbent on every Muslim: shahādah, the Muslim profession of faith; ṣalāt, or prayer, performed in a prescribed manner five times each day; zakāt, the alms tax levied to benefit the poor and the needy; ṣawm, fasting during the month of Ramadan; and hajj, the major pilgrimage to Mecca

Jihad

A holy struggle or striving by a Muslim for a moral or spiritual or political goal

Umma

The community of all Muslims

Dar al-Islam

An Arabic term that means the "house of Islam" and that refers to lands under Islamic rule

Rashidun Caliphate

The first four caliphs of the Islamic empire - Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali (632-661 CE). Known as the "Rightly Guided" caliphs according to Sunni Muslims. During this reign, they united the Arabian Peninsula under Islam

Caliph

Translated as "successor"; in Islamic history it is the political and religious ruler of the Muslim community.

Abu Bakr

[573-634 CE] A close friend of Muhammad and the first male convert to Islam; he took the title "Caliph" after the death of the prophet. His reign marks the beginnings of conflict between sunnis, who supported his reign, and shi'as, who believed Ali was the rightful heir.

Ali

[601-661 CE; cousin and son-in-law to the prophet Muhammad; the 4th Caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate. Shia Muslims consider him as the sole legitimate heir of Muhammad

Sunni

The largest branch of Islam. Often regarded as more mainstream and less rigid than the other branch of Islam, Shi'a. Accepted the leadership of all 4 Rightly Guided caliphs under the Rashidun Caliphate.

Shi'a

The smaller of the two branches of Islam. They reject the first three Sunni caliphs and regards Ali, the fourth caliph, as Muhammad's first true successor.

Umayyad Caliphate

[661-750 CE] The first dynasty to take the title of Caliphate following the death of Ali. They moved the capital from Medina to Damascus, and spread Islam to it's largest ever geographic size. Overthrown by the Abbasids in 750 CE.

Abbasid Caliphate

[750-1258 CE] Overthrew the Umayyad Dynasty and moved the capital to Baghdad. Raised the prestige and power of the empire, promoting commerce, industry, arts, and science. The dynasty fell with the Mongol siege of Baghdad.

Jizya

Tax paid by non-muslims (dhimmi) who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion

Dhimmis

In Muslim controlled areas, "the people of the book"-- Jews, Christians; later extended to Zoroastrians and Hindus

476

Fall of Western Roman Empire

732

Battle of Tours (end of Muslim move into France)

800

Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III

1054

Great Schism

1096-1270

Crusades try to take back Jerusalem from the Muslims

1215

Signing of Magna Carta in England

1337-1453

Hundred Years' War

1347-1351

Black Death devastates Europe

Feudalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty, military service, and protection of the people who live on the land

Manorial system

An economic system in the Middle Ages that was built around large estates called manors

Code of Chivalry

Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.'

Charlemagne

King of the Franks (r. 768-814); emperor (r. 800-814). Through a series of military conquests he established the Carolingian Empire, which encompassed all of Gaul and parts of Germany and Italy. Illiterate, though started an intellectual revival.

Holy Roman Empire

A medieval and early modern central European Germanic empire, which often consisted of hundreds of separate Germanic and Northern Italian states. In reality it was so decentralized that it played a role in perpetuating the fragmentation of central Europe.

Guilds

Association of merchants or artisans who cooperated to protect their economic interests

Battle of Tours

[732 CE] European victory over Muslims. It halted Muslim movement into Western Europe.

Scholasticism

This sought to synthesize the beliefs and values of Christianity with the logical rigor of Greek philosophy. Often associated with St. Thomas Aquinas.

Thomas Aquinas

(Roman Catholic Church) Italian theologian and Doctor of the Church who is remembered for his attempt to reconcile faith and reason in a comprehensive theology

Crusades

A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.

Black Death

The common name for a major outbreak of plague that spread across Asia, North Africa, and Europe in the mid-fourteenth century, carrying off vast numbers of persons.

Vikings

Scandinavian peoples whose sailors raided Europe from the 700s through the 1100s

Longships

Narrow boats that allowed the vikings to sail down thin rivers, and pillage inland villages

Hundred Years' War

Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families. (1337-1453)

Magna Carta

[1215 CE] a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of England was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom